Right to Work Laws free essay sample

Should our state adopt a right-to-work law? This is a hot topic that continues to be contested all over the United States. The purpose of this paper is to examine whether the right-to-work law is good for the state of Michigan. If ever passed in Michigan, the right-to-work law would guarantee that no person could be compelled, as a condition of employment, to join or to pay dues to a labor union. Supporters of right-to-work laws point to research that say that right-to-work laws have a positive effect on states that adopt them while opponents of right-to-work laws do just the opposite. On February 1, 2012, the state of Indiana became America’s 23rd right-to-work state. Supporters of the right-to-work laws say that â€Å"Michigan may need to adopt such a law to better compete for jobs and talent† (Lafaive, 2012). Further supporting this issue Thomas Holmes authored a study that â€Å"examined manufacturing employment in border counties of neighboring states where one state had right-to-work protections and the other did not. We will write a custom essay sample on Right to Work Laws or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page He found manufacturing employment as a percentage of county population increased by one-third in the counties within the right-to-work states compared to those in the non-right-to-work states. In a 2010 study by economist Richard Vedder, an adjunct scholar with the Mackinac Center, found that â€Å"40 percent of Americans lived in right-to-work states in 2007, up from 28. 5 percent in 1970. Moreover, Census data indicates that from April 2000 to July 2008, more than 4. 7 million people moved from non-right-to-work states to a right-to-work state† (Lafaive, 2012). These are only a few examples of external factors and findings that influence and impact the work forces and labor unions. While I have explained the ideas behind the supporters of these laws, there are also opponents. In a more recent 2012 study from Michael Hicks, an adjunct scholar with the Mackinac Center, â€Å"found that from 1929 through 2005, the presence of a right-to-work law did not play a role in state industrial composition or income from manufacturing† (Lafaive, 2012). Opponents of right-to-work laws contend the laws set in place lead to lower wages, hurt unions, lower standard of living, and sometimes contest that they are morally wrong for allowing people to receive union representation without actually paying for it. Douglas McCabe, a professor of management at Georgetown’s McDonough School of Business states, â€Å"If more states pass right-to-work, unions will lose members. He goes on to saying that it would discourage people from signing authorization cards to be able to hold a vote on unionizing† (Olson, 2012). CONCLUSION: â€Å"Each side of the right-to-work argument cites studies to back their views, but a uniform economic society is hard to find because individual states have their own, unique economic circumstances, such as availability of skilled workers and access to markets and infrastructure† (Olson, 2012).

buy custom Emily Dickinson’s Interpretation of Death through Her Poetry essay

buy custom Emily Dickinson’s Interpretation of Death through Her Poetry essay Introduction Emily Dickinson uses rhyme, tone, metaphors and imagery to communicate her concepts about the ambiguity of death through her famous poem I Heard a Fly Buzz - When I died- (Cameron 275). People often formulate mixed beliefs, thoughts and conceptions about death depending on the culture of their communities. The topic of this poem portrays the experience of anxiety, fear and uncertainty as to the things to expect after death. At some point in life, every person is interested in acquiring about death and dying after the death of a family member, a friend or a spouse. Death is a part of life that all living things must go through but the notion put on death makes the last moments of life hard for the departing souls including the people left behind. This poem draws the attention of a reader because it is not directed to the people in the poem but the audience reading it. This means that the poem gives the reader a glimpse of the different feelings people experience when they are dying an d how uncertain they are about eternal life. Emily Dickinson uses a fly as a figure to represent dying and death. Flies are always associated with decaying matter but in deeper meaning, it represents the angel of death or the grim-ripper who comes to take the soul of the dying writer. The poem is from the perspective of a death poet and implying that everyone will end up in the same situation at the end of life. Thesis statement: This poem will discuss the deeper meaning of the metaphors and words in Emily Dickinsons poem, the modern concepts of death and the reality of death. Interpretation of the Poem In the poem, Emily Dickinson uses 16 lines which are divided into four stanzas to describe her final moments on the earth. The poet uses past tense in describing what the speaker experienced during the dying process. The death in this poem is painless but the notions placed on death and life after death make the process of dying more dreadful. The first line of the poem introduces the fly and death, both of which play principal role throughout the entire poem. The Stillness in the Room- (line 2) describes the description of the environment where the speaker is dying. The speaker is in a quiet somber setting dying on her deathbed (Cameron 275). In the next two lines, she compares the mood in her room as that of a storm that shakes the environment. The heaves used in the poem suggest that great turmoil will ensue the moment of dying and that more confusion will follow. The stillness in the room shows how the people are watching her during the dying moment is silent. The eyes beside had wrung them dry- (line 5) describes the mood of the people around her. They are exhausted and overwhelmed with grief from witnessing the speaker dies on her deathbed. In line 6, the watchers of the dying speaker are holding their breaths waiting for the moment of death. For that Last Onset, when the King- (line 7) suggests that the speaker and her watchers are preparing for death, which is the end of life (life) and according to Christianity, death signifies a new beginning in eternal life (Onset) (Ed. Stanford 118). The king refers to God, death or Christ who comes to take away the soul of death as indcated in line 8. In the third stanza, the speaker accepts her situation on the reality of death and is ready to die. I willed my Keepsakes, Signed away (line 9) suggests that the speaker cuts all her attachments to her family and friends and draws to the climax of death. As the speaker is waiting for an extravagant entrance of God or Christ, a fly that could suggest Satan or death interrupts her line of thoughts or concepts on death. In-depth meaning could suggest that the fly often associated with death and decay has presented itself to take the soul of the speaker to the underworld where it belongs or it could literally mean that an annoying fly interrupted her thoughts about the dying moment. The last stanza indicates the last moments of the speaker using the fly as a figure of death. With Blue, uncertain stumbling Buzz (line 13) suggests that the speaker is confused, uncertain and insecure about life after death because she confuses the colour of the fly (Ed. Stanford 118). The angel of death tak es center stage of the last moment of dying by coming between life and death. Eyes are always considered the windows of the soul in human life, so when the speaker said that the windows failed, it implies that her eyes closed, shutting the light of the day and life out of her life. Modern Concepts of Death in Relation to the Poem Writers in the 19th century lived in the society where Christianity was the dominant religion. This contributes to the form of writing Emily Dickinson and other famous poets adopted when referring to death (Cameron 275). They all believed in life after death due to their faith in religion. The modern world has evolved and people are divided in terms of religion, race and culture. Christians have maintained their stiff belief in life after death where people are advised to be practice righteousness so that when they are in their deathbeds, Gods angels will take their souls and they will ascend to heaven. The sinners are sent to the underworld where Satan will subject them to eternal suffering. Scientists believe that the death of a person signifies the end of life both in physical and spiritual form. Most scientists and believers of science contribute to the enhancement of the science by donating their organs or the whole body after death. Egyptians and other African cultures believe in reincarnation where the body of death is restored in its usual form because a newborn in the community is believed to have risen form the dead in form of a new and young body of a child. The Indian community believes that cremation will make the dead occupy the seas and oceans after their ashes from the incinerators are spread across water bodies. Reality of Death in Contemporary Society Emily Dickinson interpreted the reality of death in every human being through most of her poems but the famous one is I Heard a Fly Buzz - When I Died as she addresses the audience from beyond the grave about her struggle with death (Cameron 275). The fear of the unknown is what makes death a dreadful experience for people who are dying and those witnessing the ordeal. Cessation of life whether it is painful or painless creates an illusion of heaven and hell. People who are about to die receive prayers from religious elders because they believe that the journey to the afterlife is filled with trials and tribulations. Psychologists on the other hand have enjoyed a prosperous career in therapy and counseling people who are in grief because of the death of a loved one. People attend therapy to deal with impending death of a spouse in cases of terminal illness or fatal casualties in an accident, victims of violent crime or natural disasters. Some people want to know how to handle their own impending death in existence of long-term illnesses. Emily Dickinson shows how death brings grief in the community because people will not see, talk or touch the dead, which is a clear indication of what will happen to each human being alive (Cameron 275). The reality of death is now a common topic in the contemporary society. Causes of death include diseases, crimes, accidents, suicide and natural catastrophes that claim many lives in few hours. It is important for the reader to know what to expect when a member of the family, a friend or a spouse dies. The reaction to the loss of a loved one includes deep sorrow and denial but therapy before and after the loss of a loved one equips a person with self-supporting tools to handle any situation relating to death. Therapists advise their clients to view death as a rite of passage in all living things and to accept the reality of good and bad, happiness and sadness and finally life and death. Therapy on reality of death allows a person to develop a high emotional intelligence that acts as a life-support for all problems both internal and external which cause emotional pain that might lead to depression and suicide (Rogers 59). Accepting the reality of death is living in harmony with the environment, because if human beings were given immortality, the whole universe would be in turmoil in maintaining order and justice, creating living space and fending for food and water. Many people do not understand the concept of death in human life but it is as important as life because for the population to balance in the ecosystem, people must be born and die concurrently. When people accept the reality of death, they continue living even after experiencing great loss and accept that both life and death create uncertainty (Rogers 70). People create wills that will benefit the people who are left behind and it has become a common case where parents and spouses sign wills. This is beca use people have accepted the reality of death and that it can happen at any moment in time, just as the speaker in Emily Dickinsons poem did when she cut all her attachments from the world and allocated her possessions to her watchers. Conclusion Emily Dickinson used poems to interpret her view of death. In the poem I Heard a Fly Buzz When I Died, she shows the audience the mood of the people around her when she was dying, the ideas and thoughts about the uncertainty of death. The poem is relevant to every person in the contemporary society because it shows how life and death are still ambiguous. Death is an unpleasant fact that every person must pass undergo and the only way to embrace nature at its best is to accept that it will claim all human beings at different periods. This poem shows that both life and death are vague and to live happily, people must accept the uncertainty. Buy custom Emily Dickinson’s Interpretation of Death through Her Poetry essay

Strategy Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Strategy Paper - Essay Example To analyze this phenomenon, WJ Wood had this to say i.e. "The Americans did not simply outlast the British in the Revolutionary War, but, won their independence by employing superior strategies, tactics and leadership".2 Wood was however, only half-correct because Britain, with its status as the world's prime conqueror and as a veteran of many major wars, was no stranger and in fact replete with superior strategies and wily tactics and was blessed with the best military leaders. Therefore, there must be other factors that went into the equation to produce Britain's shameful defeat. First consideration was the fact that Britain was waging a war in a land, more than 3,000 miles away and we can only conjecture that there would be problems of logistics and communication PM Lord North, Secretary of State George Germain) "never provided the timely guidance and the commanders in the field never furnished accurate enough predictions of what to expect and differed so much among themselves as to the proper course to pursue".3 A more formidable problem was the difficulty of sending transports of ammunitions, military equipment and troops just in time to stem the tide of a particular battle in Britain's favor. It also had to battle inclement weather and fierce winds. Second consideration, was the fact that Britain had to design a multi-pronged strategy to answer simultaneous threats that may divide the kingdom. The American rebellion was only one front. The possible invasion by France and Spain was another. The need to cohesively cement its hold on Canada, West Indies, Gibraltar and India was yet another. It was clear that these "limited the options available to the British"4 and not to mention divide the British forces. In sharp contrast, the colonists were waging a war in their own backyard. Thus, they enjoyed the advantage of a familiar terrain and a cooperative citizenry, called the militia, which is generally hostile to the British. The strategies and tactics may not be at par with British standards but they were well coordinated, controlled and centralized by the Continental Congress based in Philadelphia and later in Annapolis, Md. To finance the war, the Congress employed diplomatic and psychological strategy on France and Spain with successful results. The rest of the money was obtained through deft arm twisting of the populace i.e. loans; forced loans with certificates of indebtedness; levies; issuance of continental currency. In that age when cellphones, internet, two-way radios haven't seen the light of day, the colonists had the Committee of Safety, composed of mounted messengers of which Paul Revere was the most

Managerial Discretion Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Managerial Discretion - Essay Example er, managers need to be able to exercise their own judgment in hiring decisions, strategic planning, effective administration and resource allocation decisions. The consequence of not allowing such discretion would be a lumbering organization that is unable to take nimble actions that can keep it competitive in a global marketplace. Absence of managerial discretion would lead to a heavily bureaucratized company that takes much more time to make and implement strategic decisions than its competitors and thus would fall by the wayside. At the same time, allowing managers to run amok with their own preferences can be equally dangerous by setting up a situation in which conflicting decisions are made at different levels of an organization that end up stalling progress. The effective organization strikes just the right balance by allowing a high degree of managerial discretion while instituting appropriate constraints to keep the business functioning effectively. Defining Discretion Key (1997) defines discretion as "a belief that individuals can influence their environment. The concept of discretion, originally borrowed from the judiciary, involves decision making that is guided by individual principles and beliefs unfettered by external control" (par. 13). Thus, discretion is necessarily a subjective determination that a particular manager has a range of options available to him/herself. Key (2002) further maintains that "Discretion is based on the belief that one has responses available with which to influence the environment. Individual perception influences whether or not an individual believes there are actions available to him or her" (par. 2). This subjective determination has been described as "perceived latitude of action." The concept of managerial discretion... The importance of managerial discretion to modern companies is substantial, and has long been recognized as such. Discretionary behavior by mangers is essential to the strategic operation of a company; but at the same time allowing unfettered discretion can be hugely detrimental to the well-being of a corporation, as evidenced by the scandals that have taken place in recent years in the United States and elsewhere. While managers must have the ability to analyze a situation and determine and appropriate course of action, there must be some guidelines – or constraints as it were – placed on that discretion in order to protect the company from these types of damaging developments. Several studies on the scope and limits of managerial discretion have found that there are several variables influencing and limiting the exercise of discretion in modern business. These include such factors as age, length of tenure, educational attainment, gender, locus of control, and organiza tional culture. Each of these factors has a direct impact on the extent to which managers feel free to exercise discretion, or not; and consequently they affect the success or failure of a business. Ultimately, managerial discretion is a critical balancing act for any business that seeks to compete successfully in today’s global business environment.

Long Beach Municipal Cemetery Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 1

Long Beach Municipal Cemetery - Essay Example hich is understood to have been developed as a graveyard for Bixby Ranch employees according to the information provided by the City of Long Beach official website. Despite of the presence of a Bixby Mausoleum on the site, none of the Bixby family members are said to have been buried there as the bodies of George and Helen Bixby were exhumed on February 27, 1923 and now lay in the Evergreen Cemetery, Los Angeles. The cemetery site is home to some standing headstones that date back to as early as 1900s, while a few flat headstones are also present, they have become so deteriorated over the passage of time that it is not quite possible to read the writing on them as the dates and names have become faded. Records suggest that the City of Long Beach assumed the responsibility of a majority of the ground’s maintenance on 10th of July, 1900, for which the Long Beach Cemetery Association was previously accountable for. As per the information provided in the book released by Questing Heirs Genealogical Society, INC., the first interment at the cemetery took place in 1878, which was of a 17-year-old boy named Milton F. Neece. Other famous internments at the cemetery apart from that of Willmore’s are of U.S Congressman Alexander Hamilton Jones, who died on January, 29th, 1901, Amanda Ellen Wiley Harmon, a deaf inventor who died in 1933 and Grace Bush Eads, the first Long Beach school teacher who departed in 1944. It can be interpreted that the demographics of the community surrounding the cemetery have not gone through a substantial change over the past 50 years, with the racial makeup containing a majority of White population followed by African American members, according to the United States Census Bureau. Even though, diversity in the area does exist with Hispanic and Asian inhabitants it is unclear and inconclusive whether they constituted of a major part of the community around the time when the Long Beach Municipal Cemetery was established. However, indication of

Problems For Women In Sport

Problems For Women In Sport Womens rugby is an ever growing sport; from the first game being played seriously in Great Britain in the late 1970s (RFUW) to England hosting the Womens World Cup in September 2010. This report is to gain an insight into the thoughts, feelings and experiences of student female rugby players; how they perceive themselves and also how they feel about the RFUW. I have also researched into how male rugby players perceive the female players as individuals and players within the game as a whole. I have aimed to uncover how this specific group of female athletes are treated within society by their peers and how they feel about the media representation of them. Introduction: This literature review explores problems for women in sport, research into womens rugby, the male dominated game and also how womens ruby is represented by the media. Shockleys (2006:127) article presents the history of the emergence and decline of womens rugby from 1974 to 1980 in the southeast of America, in the year 1970 a group of pioneering women worked without varsity scholarships and little collegiate or community support to build rugby teams across the region. The effort of this group created at least fifteen teams throughout the region in 1980. This is an example of the growth of womens rugby and how a little unknown niche of women has become such a global sporting success. Problems in Sport: There are many factors which could shape womens views on their chosen sport of interest; one of which is victimisation. Fastings (2008) recent research into the participation in college sports and protection from sexual victimization, investigates female athletes experiences of various forms of discrimination including sexual victimisation from coaches and other male athletes. The paper reports on the first descriptive analysis to test the sport protection hypothesis among both female and male athletes. Fasting (2008) concluded that students were significantly less likely to report sexual victimisation during their last high school and early college years than their non athletic counterparts. Thus can become a major difficulty in the university setting, although my research is not based around this problem, it is still a highly important issue among females in sport and can affect a players views of their sport. Female athletes in male dominated sports such like rugby are constantly bombarded with the issue of femininity. It is a term used by the media and also by many males when arguing that rugby isnt a womens game. Eitzen (2009) states that the traditional conception of femininity, as passive and helpless is challenged today by the fit, athletic and even muscular appearance of women athletes. in contemporary society women have brought a new standard of femininity that combines beauty with taut, developed muscles (Eitzen 2009:82). In relation to femininity another factor faced by sporting athletes is gender inequality; Grace (1997:25) speaks of her research as drawing connections between sport as a cultural institution and gender inequality in all areas of life, Her theories and ideologies demonstrate how ideologies of natural difference present socially constructed meanings of masculinity and femininity as rooted in biology. She also states; because sport is located in bodily practices, t hose who control it hold a great deal of cultural power. Exploring the implications of social relations being shaped by the cultural institution of sport also raises questions about relative privileges held by different women, and how these are reproduced through sporting activities (Grace 1997:25). Dewar (1991), analysing sport is like a set of selected and selective social practices that embody dominant meanings, values and practices which are implicated in the creation and maintenance of hegemonic social relationships. Femininity and Masculinity- Gender Roles: Whilst studying womens rugby I have observed the repetition of gender-role conflict theorys which have suggested that women athletes will experience role conflict because they are attempting to enact both feminine and masculine gender roles, yet research findings have shown mixed support for this notion Fallon and Jome (2007:311), Their study explored how women rugby players negotiate gender-role expectations and conflict as women participating in a traditionally masculine sport. Fallon and Jome (2007:311) found the participants perceived conflicting expectations for their gender-role behaviour more than they seemed to experience conflict about those expectations. They then state that the athletes tried to avoid experiencing gender-role conflict. The resiliency displayed by the women athletes in coping with discrepant gender-role messages provides new considerations for gender-role conflict theory. There is a problem with the expectations of how a female rugby player should look and act, this is due to the stereotyping of society today. Words associated with female players are butch, big, lesbian, angry whereas words associated with a male rugby player are; fit, athletic, strong, toned, muscular'(Fallon and Jome 2007); there is an obvious difference here which leads me to examine how the students feel about themselves and how they are perceived, also whether this has an effect on them as players striving to achieve success. Furthermore Chase (2006:229) investigates the multiple and complex ways in which the female rugby body is disciplined. The women who partook in the research resisted disciplinary processes of femininity but at the same time were willing participants in disciplinary processes of competitive sport. The research focuses on the physicality on womens bodies in the game and the disciplines the players go through in order to become a successful player. They and their bodies are shaped by multiple disciplinary processes. This is yet another example of how the players were drawn to rugby because of the physical nature of the game. This is thus showing that women can be just as disciplined as men in the game and achieve success at an elite level. This investigation is a foundation to my research as it has shown the discipline some women are prepared to go through to play a sport they are passionate about. In discussion about the development of womens sport Hargreaves (1994:273) states the RFUW then known as WRFU developed the womens game from twelve founding members in 1983 to over 2,000 women playing each week in its first ten years. She mentions how women who play rough, physical sports requiring strength and speed express the sense of satisfaction and exhilaration they get from participating (Hargreaves 1994:273). Hargreaves discusses how women playing mens sports still face harsh criticism and ridicule which reflect a particularly British, class-based form of sexism (1994:274). Hargreaves (1994) also talks of womens sports and the lack of funding available to them; a lot of teams have to pay the expenses themselves and are rejected from sponsors for being a female team. The Womens World Cup in 1991 in Wales failed to attract sponsors when the mens game was heavily fuelled with money. Hundreds of applications were made to a range of sponsors, including corporations which sponsor th e mens game: refusals were based on traditional ideas about masculine and feminine appropriateness but its a mens game and they dont drink lager! (Hargreaves 1994:204). Hargreaves also states that poor media coverage and financial support tend to mask the rapid increase in the numbers of women participating in sports and reproduce the present system of privilege (1994:204); this is linking directly with my study as it can lead to a path for my questioning of the participants in my study. A study which is highly important to my dissertation was conducted by Chu et al. (2003) which examined the experiences of New Zealands elite women rugby players which were based on reasoning for joining a rugby team and how they viewed womens rugby as a male dominated sport. The article shows how the players felt before joining the team, why they joint and also how they felt playing a sport which is strongly influenced and controlled by men; the authors findings were offered to be used for administrators and those wishing to promote womens rugby; which in my dissertation would be the RFUW; this links in with what is available from the RFUW in terms of research. The outcomes from Chus (2003) research showed the prime reasons given by women for participation in sports traditionally considered as masculine, were the joy of participating in a sport requiring physical strength and speed as well as a love for the sport. The authors comment that all the participants were positive about bein g a black fern..but that they also had to make sacrifices for the game, particularly with respect to juggling work, family and elite lever sporting commitments. These last points raised questions about the amateur/professional debate in terms of the black ferns being amateurs, but being expected to train and behave as professionals. This is a key issue within womens rugby which can raise many equality questions; why do only the male teams get paid well for the same amateur level as the women? Are female players expected to juggle a full time career as well as committing to partake in a professional sport? Chu concludes from the interviews carried out that there was a mixture of frustration and acceptance among the women in relation to playing a predominantly male game; some saw it as a challenge in terms of having to break down barriers with respect to what women can do in the wider context. They also felt that some women participating in non-traditional female sports become empowered and feel that this affects women in society at large. This research although gained in New Zealand is important to my dissertation as it is an example and framework to my research. I am homing in on a specific group of players which are students not elite players but their thoughts and feelings towards the RFUW are significant as they are the governing body of rugby for women in England. Womens Rugby: Leading on from the previous statement; the Rugby Football Union for Women (RFUW) state the progression in womens rugby as the England elite side continue to demonstrate their strength on a global scale and recent successes include winning the Nations Cup, four successive Six Nations triumphs and a runners up place at the 2006 World Cup. England will be looking to go one better at the 2010 World Cup which is to played on English soil for the first time in the tournaments 19 year history. Womens rugby as a sport has undoubtedly gone from strength to strength over recent years and participation is currently at an all time high, so whether you want to play for fun or be right up there challenging for honours, everyone is welcome to join in. This is from the welcoming front page of their website which proudly shows how much the women involved have achieved since first playing in the 70s. It entices women and girls to play and shows just what females can achieve, but do they support their women throughout their rugby careers from school to adulthood? This is where my research will gain an insight into the experiences of support by the RFUW to young aspiring and talented students playing at an amateur level. Research material by Fields (2008:8) explores the reasoning behind American females and why they play rugby; she states women in the country find rugby a challenging game in which they can have fun. It is stated that, women play this sport because it is aggressive and most of the women surveyed say they have always been interested in contact sports The research also found that they played the sport because of its health benefits. Additionally there is becoming a theme around the reasonings why players get involved with the sport from other countries, In my dissertation I will examine how these countries fit in with the view of England students. This can raise many questions about the treatment of females playing male dominated sports worldwide; Do we have a different culture of sport in England? Rugby is traditionally a male dominated sport but is it still in contemporary society today? Eitzen (2009:98) observes that sport in its organisation, procedures and operation serves to promote traditional gender roles thus keeping order. Sport advances male hegemony in practice and ideology by legitimating a certain dominant version of social reality. He states that from early childhood games to professional sports, the sports experience is gendered. Boys are expected to participate in sports, to be aggressive, to be physically tough, to take risks and to accept pain. Thus sport, especially aggressive physical contact sport is expected from boys and men but not for girls and women furthermore he concludes these expectations reproduce male domination in society. This is reflected in rugby as male players are seen to exert aggression and strength whereas female players are not seen to have the same abilities although they are playing the same sport. My dissertation is not seeking equa lity for women in terms of the game as both male and female games are on different levels but it is to investigate how female players feel about this gap in levels and how they are supported by the RFUW. Mangan (1981:147) states Late Victorian bourgeois imperialist ideology associated sport and exercise with the muscular Christian gentlemen; this is another example of the hegemony within society of the time, I wish to explore the society of this moment in time and compare with previous times. The Media Influence: When accessing four different newspapers online to search for articles on womens rugby I found suprising results. The Sun newspaper online (2009) first page of relevant results showed one 121 word article titled Austin Healey Woes. The Times newspaper online (2009) showed three relevant articles on the first page and The Daily Mail newspaper online (2009) had two relevant results. Most other articles in the search results were about rugby mens wives or other female sports news. Eitzen (2009) states women in sport are minimized (and men maximized) when womens activities are ignored. The mass media in the United States have tended to overlook womens sports. When they are reported, the stories, photographs and commentary tend to reinforce gender roles stereotypes. Womens sports are also ignored when cities and schools disproportionately spend enormous amounts on mens sports. Both todays sport and the media are classic outcomes and icons of the far-reaching social, economic and technological change that characterised twentieth century Stead (2003:184). In addition Stead adds that both have developed extensively and rapidly as a major global industry (2003:184). He expresses how the development of the internet extends further media activities. It being a global phenomenon loops everyone into a never ending source of news articles. He states that more recently there has been a growth in specialist media sports products (2003:185). When researching into the influence of the media it has to be stated that there are many hidden messages behind what is broadcast and shown in newspapers. Stead states that research into the textual messages contained in the media sport output of various countries suggests the heavy influence of such ideological factors as capitalism, nationalism, patriarchy and racism. Each of these biases evident within the ownership and control of the increasingly dominant multinational media companies and indeed the dominant values in a particular society (2003:192). Another significant point raised by Stead (2003) was whether the medias representation of sport reflects reality or does it just reflect what the directors of that company feel? When commenting on the future of media sport Stead (2003:197/8) states that the media set fashions but are also influenced by wider social change media commitment to sport and more particularly to certain sports or events can change, leaving an ever more dependant world of sport venerable to instability. Since the 1980s the value of sport to media companies and their investment in sport have grown dramatically; he also raises the point that the media have furthermore influenced the character and development of sport, it should be noted that there is little evidence of resistance to co modification from sports bodies or athletes (Stead 2003:198). An article by Mott (2002) entails an interview with Paula George one of the England elite female rugby players; George comments on the missed opportunities of the female elite team. It would help if the Rugby Football Union would let them play a curtain-raiser international at Twickenham. So far they wont. Its silly, isnt it? said George. To have done it this year to raise awareness about the World Cup coming up in front of a good rugby crowd would have been awesome. Every time I see one of the England men or one of the boys coming out of the tunnel in their countrys shirt, I think: we want to do that. We so want to do that. Its going to happen. Were not going away. It might as well happen now. This article is a real insight into the opinions of our elite team which is highlighting the dreams and aspirations of the England elite team and how they will not back down until they have the same treatment as the male teams. This is a useful article to generate questions for my research par ticipants. Whilst researching online I came across an advert for the Guildford college rugby team which shared many common values of lots of womens rugby clubs, their statement online states through practices, socials, matches, fitness, fund-raising, and recruitment events, the team strives to promote an awareness of women in contact sports. The team hopes to strengthen and promote positive self-images and community building. Moreover, we recognize the historical and systematic oppression of women, people of colour, and queer people. By providing an inclusive and affirming space for individual growth of members of the above groups, the womens rugby team hopes to perpetually dismantle oppression and structural violence. This is suggesting a place for those who are otherwise alienated from parts of society; this is furthermore highlighting the impact of sport upon individuals lives and also whole communities. The BBC is one of Englands highly trusted and representing broadcasters for the country; on their website there were articles titled Womens rugby is one of the fastest-growing sports around. Its not just for boys and men anymore and there are more and more womens clubs all over the country this leads me to question why there is still a country of patriarchy and inequality in sport. Underneath the article is some advice for readers: The Rugby Football Union for Women is responsible for getting more girls playing and learning about rugby. They will be able to give you all the information you need about getting started, and put you in touch with your nearest club. If you want to take your rugby seriously, Player Development Academies across the country hold open trials every summer. You can find out more by logging onto: RFUW website. This is an interesting piece to revert back to once conducting my research as it shows that womens rugby is being promoted by some media parties. Is this filtering down to the ammeter players? will be a question I shall keep in mind. From personal research I am aware that there is a 1:15 minute promotional video on Youtube a world wide online video broadcasting website for the Womens Rugby World Cup 2010. This was added one month ago at the time of writing this research, when searching for the mens world cup which is being held in 2011 there is a 2:47 minute video which was added three weeks ago. This is just an example of how different the promotional side of the different gendered games is; To make it more acceptable within society for women to play what was traditionally a male dominated sport it needs to be out there in the public eye. Summary: Research which has been conducted in various countries and the research is also dated somewhat. There is little about Englands young female players views on how they feel playing a traditionally male dominated sport; their thoughts, feelings and experiences whilst playing the game and how todays contemporary society treats them accordingly. There is a clear gap in research and that it will benefit many organisations such like the RFUW and also will help young aspiring female rugby players to continue their successes and not let stigma get in the way of their goals.

With Reference to at Least 2-3 of Amichai’s Poems, Identify the Main Stylistic Elements of His Work and Comment on Their Effectiveness.

With reference to at least 2-3 of Amichai’s poems, identify the main stylistic elements of his work and comment on their effectiveness. The main stylistic elements of the work of Yehuda Amichai greatly reflect the time in which he was writing and the place in which he was located whilst writing. Being born in Germany in 1924 and then living in Israel in the 20th century meant that Amichai was exposed to a turbulent stage in world history as Israel had only just been created as a separate state after World War II and Hitler’s persecution of the Jewish race.At this time politics, war and religion were all at the centre of the world’s attention, and particularly for the Jewish people living in Israel as there was the constant threat of violence from the Arab people in neighbouring Palestine. Throughout his work, Amichai is able to effectively convey the disruption and confusion caused by this conflict by using techniques such as scattered imagery and irregular struc ture.To better understand the effectiveness of the stylistic elements used by Amichai, it is important to look at how he uses these techniques in his works. The first area of focus that is important to understand Amichai’s style is to study where and when each poem is set. With contextual background it seems to be that nearly all of his poems are set in Israel or some sort of similar desert-like place. ‘God Has Pity on Kindergarten Children’ is one of Amichai’s earliest works and it gives a good indication as to the importance of place in his poetry.The importance of place is that in many of his works the setting is very much abstract and sense of a place in which the poem is set appears to change constantly, making the poem more universal and often with religious additions to the poems the setting is taken to a metaphysical, God like, all seeing dimension. In ‘God Has pity on Kindergarten Children’, Amichai changes place from a ‘first-a id station’ to a desert like place as he describes ‘sand’ before moving to a ‘public bench’ and lastly a ‘school’.Then the idea of a metaphysical dimension is introduced with the reference to God and religion suggesting that God is all seeing and is watching over the world from the place in which he is located. The idea of there being another dimension from which God can look down on the world is reiterated in the poem, ‘God’s Hand in the World’ where Amichai asks the question, ‘What does God see through the window while his hands reach into the world? ’ These religious images ink to the creation of a metaphysical place within the poems and they provoke the reader to think about how Amichai see’s religion and how he responds to his own thoughts about God and his faith in general. The religious imagery that is recurring in many of his poems leads the reader to a conclusion that this is one of the ma in themes which much of Amichai’s work is centred around. The next key feature is the focus on time and how this affects the subject of his work whether it is a person, object or place.Amichai uses many ellipses in his work which makes the poems very radical which is mirrored in the constant change of place and the progression in time. In the poem, ‘There Are Candles That Remember’ there are three main measures of time given; the first is ‘twenty-four hours’ which is followed by ‘eight hours’ and then there is a reference to candles that are ‘eternal’. In this poem, Amichai appears to be measuring life, and in particular his life, against the age of Israel which is a very new country in this period.The inclusion of ‘antiquities’ shows another dimension in the time references in the poem as it shows the past, but not the recent past as ‘antiquities’ signifies relics that are possibly thousands of yea rs old. In some of Amichai’s poems there is modulation in tense, ‘God Has Pity on Kindergarten Children’ shows modulation between stanza one and the other two stanzas with the shift from present tense to future tense.There is also modulation in ‘There Are Candles That Remember’ however it is internal modulation in the lines, ‘Late in my life I had a daughter who will be twenty-two in the year 2000. Her name is Emanuella†¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ In these two lines the tense changes from past to future to present with the words ‘had’ followed by ‘will’ and ‘is’ which is another way in which Amichai shows the radical and unpredictable nature of his work. Prominent in Amichai’s work is the inclusion of fragmented and scattered imagery and structure.The sudden shifts between subject matter in many stanzas are mirrored by the non-clustered imagery within the poems. ‘There Are Candles That Remember’ has an irregular structure with lots of enjambed lines leaving the poem without a strong structure. The imagery within the poem also contains many non-sequential and strange images such as the ‘candles that remember’ where Amichai has personified the candles, this is then followed by the metaphorical reference to a ‘bowl full of precious liquid’. The images that follow are unrelated to the ones already mentioned, like the imile of the diaspora of old people that are said to be ‘scattered about like antiquities’ and then the comparison to how Amichai’s soul is ‘built like mountain terraces’. This style of scattered and mostly unrelated imagery helps to add to the sense of confusion and chaos in the life that he lives especially in the time in which he is living as the creation of the new country of Israel along with the conflict between the world superpowers meant that the 20th century was a time when tension and war were ever p resent threats to peace.Some of Amichai’s imagery that is used in his work is very graphic and the use of the human body no matter how much or little is prominent in many of the poems. One of the best examples of this use of imagery is the poem, ‘A Pity. We Were Such a Good Invention’ which opens with the image of a surgical procedure as the opening line reads, ‘They amputated your thighs from my hips. ’ The body part imagery makes the poem seem more physical and possibly is an attempt by Amichai to highlight the loss of intimacy with someone that he loved. A Dog After Love’ is a good example of the use of body part imagery as well as an example of the indignation felt by Amichai which is expressed through his poetry. His anger and frustration is usually caused by love, politics and religion, and in the case of ‘A Dog After Love’ it is the loss of love that causes the anger expressed by Amichai. This poem probably shows the most v iolent and graphic response to the loss of love as Amichai writes, ‘I hope it will find you and rip your lovers balls to shreds and bite off his cock’.This image effectively conveys the indignation felt by Amichai in a highly graphic way which makes it more impacting on the reader and therefore it has a greater immediate effect. Overall the main stylistic devices used by Amichai are the scattered imagery, irregular structures, often undefined place and changing times in which the poems are set. Furthermore, his work is always very personal with a great use of the words ‘I’ and ‘my’ in almost all of his poetry.All of these elements help to create very unique poetry that often has an impacting effect on the reader as the individual style of Amichai’s writing makes it necessary for the reader to think carefully about what he is writing about and what emotions he is trying to convey. Personally, I feel that Amichai’s work very effecti vely conveys the emotion felt by the events he is writing about and the personal nature of his work sometimes provokes sympathy, sadness, happiness or disdain which is a sign of an effective style of writing.

Nothing Is Permanent in This World Other Than Change Essay

â€Å"Nothing is permanent in this world Other than the Change† -is a famous proverb. In this mechanical world all of us are moving towards the pursuit of money having not even single second to spare, to think of world. So I would like to bring to spotlight 3 most prickling things in my mind, which I think, given a power I will surely change, to make the world a better place to live in Poverty according to my view is a thorn in flesh of the world. Society in India is very sharply divided between ‘Haves’ and ‘Have Nots’. With all the wealth of the country getting so accumulated in a few hands the rest of the population find it difficult to even make 2 ends meet. So obvious reason for poverty is ‘distribution of wealth’ which is too uneven. On one side India is leading gold importer in the world, whereas on other side India has most number of population that cannot even afford for a single meal as stated as follows†¦ â€Å"Rich continues to become richer-and Poor continues to become poorer† Recent news coverage in media focusses fully on Indians and their illegal blackmoney deposited in Swiss and Morocco banks, and a pitiful fact is that most of them having account are politicians of our very own country. Isn’t it a big shame for our nation? Harmful effect of poverty include mitigation of crime activities like theft, robbery, smuggling, kidnapping, cheating

Education and Schools in Texas

Education and Schools in Texas Every state adheres to a different set of rules and regulations regarding education.  State governments seemingly take varying approaches on almost every education and school related piece of legislation.  Hot issues such as standardized testing, charter schools, teacher certification, and school vouchers are handled differently in each state.  This profile focuses on education and schools in Texas. District/School Information Texas Commissioner of Education: Mike Morath Length of School Year: A minimum of 180 days is required by Texas state law. Number of Public School Districts: There are 1,031 public school districts in Texas. Number of Public Schools: There are 9,317 public schools in Texas.**** Number of Students Served in Public Schools: There are 5,000,470 public school students in Texas.**** Number of Teachers in Public Schools: There are 324,282 public school teachers in Texas.**** Number of Charter Schools: There are 618 charter schools in Texas. Per Pupil Spending: Texas spends $8,837 per pupil in public education. **** Average Class Size: The average class size In Texas is 15.4 students per 1 teacher.**** Percentage of Title I Schools: 79.7% of schools in Texas are Title I Schools.**** Percentage With Individualized Education Programs (IEP): 8.7% of students in Texas are on IEPs.**** Percentage in Limited-English Proficiency Programs: 14.9% of students in Texas are in limited-English Proficient Programs.**** Percentage of Student Eligible for Free/Reduced Lunches: 51.0% of students in Texas schools are eligible for free/reduced lunches.**** Ethnic/Racial Student Breakdown:**** White: 30.5% Black: 12.8% Hispanic: 50.8% Asian: 3.5% Pacific Islander: 0.1% American Indian/Alaskan Native: 0.4% School Assessment Data Graduation Rate: 78.9% of all students entering high school in Texas graduate.** Average ACT/SAT score: Average ACT Composite Score: 20.9*** Average Combined SAT Score: 1432***** 8th grade NAEP assessment scores:**** Math: 284 is the scaled score for 8th grade students in Texas. The U.S. average was 281. Reading: 261 is the scaled score for 8th grade students in Texas. The U.S. average was 264. Percentage of Students Who Attend College After High School: 56.2% of students in Texas go on to attend some level of college.*** Private Schools Number of Private Schools: There are 1,297 private schools in Texas.* Number of Students Served in Private Schools: There are 246,030 private school students in Texas.* Homeschooling Number of Students Served Through Homeschooling: There are an estimated 146,309 students that were homeschooled in Texas in 2015.# Teacher Pay The average teacher pay for the state of Texas was $48,110 in 2013.## The state of Texas has a teacher’s minimum salary schedule. However, some districts may negotiate salaries with their teachers.    *Data courtesy of Education Bug **Data courtesy of ED.gov ***Data courtesy of ACT ****Data courtesy of the National Center for Education Statistics ******Data courtesy of The Commonwealth Foundation #Data courtesy of A2ZHomeschooling.com ##Average salary courtesy of National Center of Education Statistics ###Disclaimer:  The information provided on this page changes frequently.  It will be updated regularly as new information and data becomes available.

A short history of classical music essays

A short history of classical music essays Music is considered food for the soul. It is also considered as medicine for a depressing soul or a tensed mind. Music has its different forms suiting different moods e.g. classical music, hip hop, rock and roll, blues, jazz etc. Each of these music types has their own regional and cultural traditions. Classical music has its own noble history like the rest of the music types. Every culture and tradition has its own form of classical music that is played with the assistance of different instruments e.g. Indians, Chinese, Arabs and Europeans had their own traditions for classical music. Classical music is a broad, somewhat inexact term, referring to music produced, or rooted in the traditions of art, ecclesiastical and concert music. A music is classical if it includes some of the following features: a learned tradition, support from the church or government, or greater cultural capital. Classical music is also described as complex, lasting, transcendent, and abstract. The classical music, found in stores and performed regularly by symphonies around the world, spans a length of time from 1600 up to the present. This time frame includes the Renaissance, Baroque, Classical, Romantic and Contemporary periods. The classical period of music actually spans a time from of 1750 to 1800. Some people consider classical music as Western Art Music because most of the major composers till the 20th century were European. Vivaldi was Italian, Bach was German, Mozart and Beethoven were Austrian; they were some of the more prominent composers. The instrumentations used for composition of Classical music include both large orchestras and small ensembles. The largest part of the orchestra was the string section consisting of violins, violas, cellos and string basses. These instruments were invented very early in medieval times but really matured into their present form during the late 18th century. The wind instruments, comprised of brass and woodw...

Tourism Management Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Tourism Management - Assignment Example Policies will frame the way in which tourists will be guided to behave and in what activities will be acceptable within a region. Policies provide a framework in which all the stakeholders can work, with an agreement on what the goals and objectives of the activity of tourism will fulfill. 2. Why might a major stakeholder not wish to participate in the policy process? Answer: If a policy conflicts with the goals of a stakeholder, or if being a part of the process is in conflict with the integrity of that process, the stakeholder might want to opt out of participating in creating policies. When the policy conflicts with the goals of the stakeholder, the option to participate and help form those policies is one way to gain advantages that are desired. However, if it is clear that policies will be in direct conflict with goals, the stakeholder may choose to not participate in the policy process, but find other means to accomplish those goals through circumventing those policies as oppos ed to participate and be held responsible for working within them. ... 3. How might tourism policy differ from countries, states/provinces, and cities? Why might it differ? Answer: Different internal policies between different governing parties will change how tourism policy will vary. As an example, a country that is developing and in a state of economic hardship might put the needs of its immediate needs of its people well above the needs to develop high levels of sustainability. Today’s starvation might be a higher priority to tomorrow’s environmental peril. Another region may need to preserve their natural resources in order to sustain the tourism industry and put high levels of environmentally related policies into place. The nature of the policies that are developed will be in direct relationship to the overall benefits that those policies will provide. The nature of success needed will have the greatest impact on the nature of the policies. 6. What is the difference between a tourism policy and a tourism strategy? Answer: Tourism po licy is a framework within which a strategy is created. The policy, for example, might be to protect a region and preserve the natural environment from damaging types of intrusion. A strategy might be to create structured tours in order to encourage tourists to experience the area without harming its natural ecosystem. The policy is the rule, the strategy is how the rule is used to create benefit. 10. Must there be total consensus by all stakeholders on the content of a region's tourism policy? If not, how would you determine if there was adequate support for the different components of a policy? Answer: There are two sides to the answer to a question concerning policy. One answer will benefit the stakeholder, while the other will benefit the environment that it

Chinese income Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Chinese income - Article Example China used to have many hundreds of millions of people below the poverty line who could not support themselves, so finding manual labor jobs can be a lifeline for these types of people. The United States also gets something out of the deal in that it consumers get to purchase goods at lower costs than if those goods were made in America. Trade between China and America is currently strong because each party can gain something out of the deal. If the conditions of trade change, such as an increase in Chinese wages, then this will negatively affect international trade because American firms will not make as much profit. It is likely that these firms will look for other countries that have relatively low wages, such as Bangladesh, Vietnam, and the Philippines, because their profits margins will stay the same. At the end of the day, trade revolves around benefits, usually in the form of profits. If these benefits are reduced, then international trade will decrease because only one party will be gaining from the