How history of PA related to union help turn the state into a Research Paper

How history of PA link to jointure help turn the state into a pro- coupling today - Research Paper ExampleIn the late 19th century mass product methods spread throughout the country and strongly took stamp down in Pennsylvania. One of the major contributors to the focus of Pennsylvania as a town of considerable production was through the steel mills established by Andrew Carnegie. While Carnegies steel production was a great boon to the states economy it was also clear that increased employee unionization was indispensable. In addition to the explosion of Carnegie Steel, the state was also one of the regions that participated in the Great Railroad Strike of 1877 (James 1989). This was a major event in American history and had tremendous implications, as protestors would burn Union storehouse in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. With the complications caused by the steel industry and the Great Railroad Strike it was clear that unionization was necessary to ensure social cohesion. In thi s climate, 107 delegates from assorted Pennsylvania cities and regions gathered in Turner Hall in Pittsburgh to organize the Federation of Organized Trades and labor Unions (FOTLU) (Livesay 1978). This organization would constitute the outgrowth major union in the state. While the FOTLU functioned efficiently for the needs of skilled players, non-skilled workers increasingly objected to its narrow focus. The states current union structure continued until 1886 when a full-scale strike was called as a means of achieving an eight-hour workday. The strike failed advantageously when violence began to occur when an individual placed a bomb at one of the unions organizations. It was after this incident that the Pennsylvania union recognized that its current structure was inefficient and larger semipolitical officials recognized the current climate would cause future social unrest. As a response to these considerations the FOTLU would fade out and merge with twelve other national unio ns. With an estimated 140,000 members the American Federation of Labor was formed (AFL). During the early historic period of the 20th century there were a number of incidents that contributed well to Pennsylvanias pro-union stance. One of the first such incidents occurred in 1909 with what came to be recognized as the Pressed Steel Car Strike of 1909 (Labor Legacy). The largely immigrant workforce had been subjected to primitive work conditions which resulted in the subsequent strike. While this strike resulted in violence, it was only the precursor to the later Great Steel Strike of 1919 (James 1989). With workers experiencing poor job conditions the AFL organized a large-scale strike. Ultimately, the strike would fail as the workers lost public support, but in the long-term would contributed considerably to the states pro-union stance. The strike would fail and begin a fifteen-year period in Pennsylvania when the union lost considerable power and was unable to launch a signific ant action a gullst employers. With the weakening of the unions, worker during this period would increasingly see working conditions deteriorate. This would come to a climax during the Great Depression when employers attempt to institute even worse conditions on Pennsylvania residents. As a response to these measures, the unions would once against gain public support and unionization would result in significant gains being made against poor working conditions

Design for the project Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

Design for the project - demonstrate ExampleIt is a type of static structure diagram that describes the structure of a system by wake the classes of the system, their attributes, methods, and the relationships among objects. They describe the object and information structures used by an application, both internally and in colloquy with its users.It is a type of static structure diagram that describes the structure of a system by showing the classes of the system, their attributes, methods, and the relationships among objects. They describe the object and information structures used by an application. (i) It helps to organize the project for everyone to identify the project overall theme and then the interlocking parts of research or activities that relate to the overall theme.If it is a demo project then one identifies the different sections of the demonstration and how they go together and the most important parts.A information dictionary refers to the descriptions of informa tion dots in a database.In developing programs that employ the use of a data model, a data dictionary shall often be consulted to point out where a data item fits in the structure, its values and what it means in the real world.Why it is Used.(i) It is an important fundamental since it illustrates all the entities and their properties in a data model.(ii) It aids in the implementation of a database because of entities. (iii) It reduces data redundancy. The data dictionary also allows controlling the addition of new data elements and thereby avoiding duplicates.

Human Adaptation Essay Example for Free

Hu hu troops race allowance EssayEven though merciful being is the next evolution of animal, citizenry tranquilize confirm the basic thing that both animal and human being always have, and they cannot deny which is the modification of survival. The movie Bicycle Thieves is director Vittorio De Sica told the viewers a baloney of a poor father, who was searching for his stolen bicycle, and without the bicycle he result lose his job, which was to be the salvation of his offspring family. At the end, he cannot in time develop his bicycle alternatively to steal from other but he was fail. All the quiet on the Western Front is a novel by Erich Maria Remarque, who is a German veteran of WWI, shows state a painful picture, line of thought, and the alineation of the green group spend in the war. The alignation is not always good but it is depend on the web site they be in. The adaptation from generation of capital of Minnesota and his friends has featureed is bad be defecate they got experience during the war, which they have to adapt for their survival throughout the grenade, bullet, and boom. capital of Minnesota and friends from this generation adapt a alike much from the war to get the experience of survival.Therefore, they lose their youth, company with family, and alienated their future. Sometimes, Adaptation could make a person, who has a different thought, speak, and vote into the one whom is speechless, and the same thought as others, or simply that the one lost his or herself. Shooting an Elephant wrote by George Orwell, gives people an example of the adaptation from the police who being force to kill the elephant, and crazye the ridiculous excuse for his action. The story tells people how the police feels about the elephant if he shoot or not.At first, he thinks the elephant is innocent, however, the shooting still happens and he makes an excuse that the elephant exponent be dangerous to people who lives here even thought he knows the elephant stays removed away from the town people lives. Actually, the adaption makes him thinks that if he did not shoot the elephant, those black people might crush him until death, and he has to adapt for his survival. Things might change, or something happens that makes people have to adapt at the environment, or situation they argon in.There might be something force people to adapt or there might not, however, it is true that in peoples mind, they do not want to lose anyone else, therefore their brainpower force them to do something that develops their ability to adapt the right situation. As soon as the police promise the elephant, he already knows that he ought not to shoot him (Orwell). Watching the elephant eat at a amicable time, he did not in the least want to shoot him(Orwell). He recognizes that every white mans life in the East was one long struggle not to be laughed at. (Orwell). He was too scared to let the elephant alive because people allow make fun at him as fool. The only thought in his mind was that if anything went wrong those two thousand Burmans would see him pursued, caught, trampled on and minify to a grinning corpse like that Indian up the hill. At the end, Orwell has to adapt the sagacity of two thousand Burmans as being what they want him to be, otherwise he would be like the man up hill. In All the quiet on the Western, Paul and his friends have show their suffer during WWI that they have to adapt it.They have to adapt harsh living condition sometimes they might be starving, defecation with others, someplace does not supply any food, Paul and his friends has to find it by themselves. cat, who always find food for the entire group, He has two loaves of bread under his arm and a blood dye sandbag full of horse-flesh in his hand (Remarque, 39). Sometimes, Paul and his friends have to see his partner or young soldiers die in front of their eyes and they have to adapt it. Such a kid Kat repeats it young innocent (R emarque, 73). Antonio, who is searching for this stolen bicycle.The only thing he cares it is his bicycle but it makes he mad because the neighborhood is trying to protect the brigand, and the old man in the church service refuse to give him the mouth of the thief (The Bicycle Thief). Sometime, people know who did that but most of them choose to be silent because they do not have enough evidence to prove it. It becomes the rule of this world, and people need to adapt it. Antonia knows on the nose about the thief but he cannot prove when the thief hides the bicycle. He has to adapt this rule that he needs a lot of proof to prove it otherwise, the thief can get away from the case.Adaptation likes the wind cause no one starts it, it scantily comes unexpected and people just entrain it. When people realize those changing by looking back at the past, they might lost their identity because of what they have done compare to an old in themselves. The war broke because of the pride of g overnment that accept to the pillock decision. War is meaningless because both sides have to suffer a lot of painful from physical to psychological. Paul and his group have to adapt to the war for survival. They adapt too much for the meaningless war, which loss their youth, their connection with family, and their future.To them, the line between death and alive is too close that they do not know tomorrow they still pass it or not. Everyday, they are living in hope and dream that if the war is passing game to end tomorrow, what they will do. At the end, they are no longer a human being instead a war machines (Remarque). subsequently finding the thief, and seeing people protect him, Antonia adapts to the rule of this world, however, he is misconceive and choosing the wrong way. He does not trust the society and a man who lost his bicycle. However, he still cares and wants to find his bicycle because the bicycle is the only income to feed him and his son.At the end, he becomes a bicycle thief just like the one who stole his bicycle. The movie ends with part that Antonia walk slowly into the society just like others because he lost his identity, and it likes others people, and there is no different between him and this society that force him to adapt it (The Bicycle Thief). As same as the police in the story Shooting the elephant, he is too scare to stand up and refuse to shoot the elephant. He is afraid to be alone, and he has to adapt himself into the situation or two thousand Burmans is going to beat him.Adaptation and changing himself likes others, and he lost himself by shooting the elephant. At the end, he realizes that he becomes a part of this society, and he does not even know this is who he is, he could not stand it any longer and went away (Orwell). Adaptation could loss the natural of human that stays deeply inside of them, and when it outbreaks, people do not know who they are or they are unbelievable that is their natural. In The Bicycle Thief , the series of annoying events from the old man from the church who did not want to give Antonia the address of the thief.Then the neighborhoods that tried to protect the thief and blamed Antonia again. At the end, the adaptation has changed Antonia, or it seemly that the adaptation has released the natural that stays inside Antonia, and he slapped his son, which he will never do before (The Bicycle Thief). As same as All The Quiet on the Western Front, while the bomb war happens, Paul saved a new soldier in his group. Later, Paul finds that recruit is lying on the ground with his hip a mess of flesh and grind away splinters at the joint. Kat and Paul know he will not survive cause of his wounds.Kat whispers to Paul that they should end his life with a gunshot before the wound is going to dun him. The adaptation of the war has changed their thought in the way of life. They thought that It would be better if someone withstand a bullet through their brain to stop the life that the y has suffered, and it would be better to die earlier than the wound is going to torment them. In Catholic, if someone still survives, they should try to save him or her kinda than kill him even though they know it would be better when they just let him or her go.After shooting the elephant, the police did not feel guilty for what he did, beside, he conserve himself that legally he had done the right thing, for a mad elephant has to be killed, like a mad dog (Orwell). once again, the adaptation shows the real natural of this man who avoid looking the fool, believe what he did it is right, and defend himself because he does not want to feel guilty, and people feel shame on him. Life likes the wind, and people just like the clouds floating in the sky. Whenever the wind rise, the fragile cloud and easy to break that has to hail it, or it is going to vanish in the sky.Human is a one of the kind that has a involved history from traveling around the global. Dr. Petrov who has the re search about the genetic of human adaptation say that The race suggests human beings have undergone rampant adaptation to their environment in the last 200,000 years of history(New). When Antonia lead his son go to the expensive restaurant, but he cannot let his son eat the food as well as the child who eating on the next table. He says if we want to eat like that, we need to earn lot (The Bicycle Thieves).However, even though he does not have money, he still let his son eat at the expensive restaurant because he holds a hope, which will give his son a better life. they have to adaptation the situation right now, and when they find the bicycle he can give his son more than that( The bicycle Thieves). Under rapidly changing environments nowadays, skills that were utilitarian are quickly outmoded requiring continual self-renewal. (Albert Bandura), and the key to get over this harsh life, it is adaptation.

Wars of the Roses 1455-1471 Essay Example for Free

Wars of the Roses 1455-1471 hearWithin the context of the period 1337-1471, to what extent can henry VI be held principally trustworthy for the Wars of the Roses 1455-1471?When enthalpy VI came to the notwithstandingtocks in 1431, people already had high expectations of him. At entirely 8 historic period old, he had already broken tradition by becoming the first nance to regulation over both England and France. However, when the minority council finally permitted atomic number 1 VI to observe of his own accord, he seemed to be a hopeless King, making severe mis bows that ultimately contri moreovered to beginning of the Wars of the Roses in the period 1455 to 1471. However, in that respect is either(prenominal) ponder amongst historians as to whether total heat VI can be held primarily to hellish for causing the Wars of the Roses, or whether other circumstanceors such as the over mighty subjects, the feuds in the midst of noble, and the actions of Margaret of A njou were greater contributing factors to the push throughbreak of war.enthalpy VIs constitution has been criticised by many historians as being unsuited to the purpose of king. modern interpretations of heat content are that he was terrible at ruling, as he was utterly devoid of posting or spirit (according to Pope Pius II). Subjects who were condemned for speaking ill of the king in the 1440s and 1450s referred to him as a sheep. prim views on total heat VI were that he lacked the qualities required for successful kingship, although at that time he was unbosom praised for being a pious, humane and Christian character. The historian Antonia Fraser concludes that these were not the attributes of a king and the practice of lawfulness is that hydrogen had no real wish to act like one. This suggests that henrys personality was overall, entirely ill-suited for the office of kingship. hydrogens chaplain buttocks Blacman (writing during the reign of Henry Tudor), although wr iting somewhat positively slightly Henry VI, chooses to avoid mentioning Henry VIS ability to rule and instead focuses on how religious Henry VI is, describing him as chaste and pure from the beginning of his days, and presenting him as a pious and puritanical king. The fact that Blacman puts emphasis on his pious character rather than his ability to rule, suggests that Henry VI was a poor ruler. Dockray comments during the reign of Henry VII, at a time when the king was hoping to good his predecessors canonisation, so this source cannot be trusted. Robin Neillands concludes that The accounts of the Kings honesty are largely based on his devotion to religion, at the expense of more pressing unconsecrated matters concerning the government of the realm.The grapheme of the minority council is as well an important factor to consider when assessing whether Henry VI was primarily to blame. Henry V had, on his deathbed, made the funda psychic arrangements for his sons minority Duke John of Bedford was to take charge in France as Regent (as Henry VI was too young to rule), and abide by the war against the Dauphin Charles-while hanging on to Normandy at all costs and maintaining the alliance with Philip the Good, and Humphrey Duke of Gloucester was to keep a hustling eye on England. In 1431, Henry VI was crowned king but the ministers ruled in his stead. This minority council ruled until Henry was in his mid-twenties, well over the normal ruling age, which suggests that Henry VI could not be trusted to rule the kingdom effectively. Gillingham, however, paints a very positive portrayal of Henry VIs minority. He concludes that it was evidence showing that in fifteenth century England there existed a stable political formation, containing in the council an institutional framework inwardly which tensions could be contained and resolved.K.B. McFarlane referred to Henry VI as a baby who grew up to be an imbecile, and the length of minority realizes this view. Con temporary and Yorkist views on Henry VI were that he was a child-like, idiotic king, and that the council made all the decisions for him. The English Chronicle that was published in the 1460s stated that Henry was simple and led by a covetous council and that puppet of a king. Henry is often criticised for relying too heavily on his council, and continuing to support t replacement decisions. Helen caster states that he was proving to be no more capable of leadership as an adult than he had been as an infant, clog up the view that he was a childlike king incapable of ruing effectively.However, other historians live suggested that Henry VI did in fact take an active role in government, and can be seen as primarily to blame, rather than his minority council. The historian Wolffe claims that the documentation Henry VI signed is proof of his heavy involvement in government. His own involvement in the war in France led to defeat and humiliation, as he pursued his own French policy an d made a secret deal with Charles VII to dec concern Maine and Anjou, meaning that they lost all of France apart from Calais. By doing this, he had collide withd two key separate of the empire, making it inevitable for it to crumble.At this point, Henry VI did seem to act of his own accord, as the fact that he made the deal a secret suggest that he knew that many people would pass judgment of his actions. All this suggests that Henry was fully in charge of the government and its decisions, and can consequently be hellish for the mistakes made during that time. other example of Henry playing an active role in ruling is the out harvesting in elevations to the peerage under Henry VIs rule. During the first thirty six years of the Lancastrian dynasty, only nine elevations were made to the peerage. However, twenty five years afterwards (during Henrys reign), there were twenty five elevations to the peerage. This massive increase in elevations to the peerage made during Henrys reig n seems to indicate that Henry was in fact playing an active role in ruling.Another reason why Henry VI could be seen as primarily accountable is be realize his mental disclose during the period 1453-54 left the government unattended, allowing violence to flare up with no authority to deal with it. jibe to the historian Robin Neillands, it flung the whole responsibility for the management of the realm entirely on the Royal Council, and as a result the fragile rule of law in England fell apart. The quarrel betwixt the Nevilles and the Percies soon escalated into violence in August 1453, despite measures that the Royal Council put in place in a failed attempt to end their quarrelling. However, it is debatable as to whether or not that Henrys complaint made any fundamental change to these neverthelessts, as hed already proved himself as incapable of solving these disputes even before his mental collapse. It besides led to more conflict between Richard Plantagenet, Duke of York a nd somerset.Another key factor to consider is the role of Margaret of Anjou. Henry VI married Margaret, the niece of Charles VII in 1455, when she was fifteen years of age and had no dowry. Some historians have suggested that Margaret was to blame for convincing the king to resignation Maine and Anjou in order to please her, and referred to her as the queen who had brought nix and taken much(prenominal) away-although as Gillingham points out it is unlikely that a fifteen year old girl could wield so much influence within a few months of her arrival at a strange court where virtually people spoke a language she was yet to learn.Margaret of Anjou played a pivotal role in the Wars of the Roses, most notably subsequently February 1456, when Yorks second protectorate ended, as Margaret managed to establish a power base in the northwest, and also persuade the king to come to Chester, turning the political lunar time period against York. She had successfully stepped into the vacuum l eft by Henry VI, and continued to play a dominant role in court, creating the Attainment Bill in 1459 to show the extent of her control.Overall, the isotropy of evidence seems to suggest that Henry was a weak ruler and ill-suited to the role of medieval kingship. He clearly lacked the qualities needed to rule effectively, and there was no clear leadership in any key sphere of government due to Henrys long absences from power- the minority council ruled in his stead until he was in his mid-twenties, and reappeared when he suffered his mental collapse in the 1450s, and there were others ruling for him. He also failed to stop the feud between York and Somerset before it escalated into violence. He also neglected to stop the quarrels between other nobles.The balance of evidence also seems to point towards the interpretation of Henry VI being far too tardily led and manipulated. Helen Castor even goes on to say that he did little more than smile and agree to every tracing his advisers made. While Jack Cades ascension showed the discontent of the people at that time, the fact that the anarchy was aimed solely against Henry VIs advisors rather than Henry himself is a clear indicator of how easily manipulated he was, as his own people believed that his advisors were at fault. harmonise to Antonia Fraser, the main demand from the rebels was the punishment of the nonsensical progeny and affinity of the Duke of Suffolk and a later chronicler said he was simple and led by a covetous counsel. However, none of this means that Henry VI should be held any less accountable, as he chose the government that was now in place.However, there are other factors that suggest that he wasnt entirely to blame for the Wars of the Roses. Many historians have identified the family tree of Edward tether as a large factor in causing the wars of the roses for several reasons. One main reason why it could be seen as a significant factor is because it started the debate as to who had th e stronger claim to the throne, the house of Lancaster, or the house of York. When Edward II died in 1377, Richard II succeeded him (as Edward the black prince had predeceased his father). However, as she was too young to rule, John of Gaunt ruled in his stead until Richard II turned 20. Richard II banished Gaunts heir, Henry Bolingbroke, and Thomas Mobray when they had a quarrel, but made the fatal mistake of seizing all of the wealth of the house of Lancaster.This caused Henry Bolingbroke to return to refine his wealth, ultimately ending in Bolingbroke taking the throne of England as Henry IV. By doing so, he cut the claims of the Mortimer family, which followed back through with(predicate) a woman named Philippa, the daughter of Lionel of Clarence (the second son of Edward iii), and these claims eventually passed down to Richard, duke of York. The Yorkist line seemed to have the stronger claim to the throne than the Lancastrian line, as Richard, earl of Cambridges marriage wit h Anne Mortimer connected his line with the Mortimer line, arguably putting him ahead of the Lancastrians in the line of succession.The debate was that Anne Mortimer was a woman, making Richard Plantagenets claim through a female line, so the Lancastrian claim was considered stronger, and also the Yorkist claim was not pursued after 1415, as his father, Richard, earl of Cambridge had been beheaded for treason. This chain of events helped to start off the Wars of the Roses, as it was Richard Plantagenet who founded the house of York. Yet while Edward IIIS family tree provided the possibility for war, there are arguably more significant factors.Edward IIIs complicated family tree was a factor that drove Richard of Cambridge to attempting to place his brother-in-law, Edmund Mortimer, on the throne, as he believed that Edmund Mortimer had the stronger claim. As it was his son, Richard Plantagenet, who founded the house of York, it suggests that the family tree helped to cause the feud b etween the house of Lancaster, and the house of York, effectively starting the Wars of the Roses.Henry IVs intrusion of Richard II in 1399 has been regarded by several historians as the root cause of the Wars of the Roses. In particular, the historian A.L .Rouse stated that It all began with a revolution. The revolution of 1399.When Henry Bolingbroke overthrew Richard II and took the throne, he touch at the very foundations of kingship. During that period, it was believed that the king was always chosen by God. Therefore, it was considered dreadful to overthrow a king, and Shakespeare later described the Wars of the Roses as a form of divine retribution, as punishment for the sins that their predecessors committed. This idea was used as propaganda, and the usurpation was viewed as so shocking that it created the precedent for overthrowing a sacredly anointed king.It also put away the idea that the divinity of kingship could be passed down to someone else of a stronger bloodline, and Henry IV used this as an excuse by claiming that his ancestor was the eldest son of Henry III. However, there were other contenders to the throne who had a stronger claim than Henry Bolingbroke, and as there was much dispute in later years about who had a stronger claim to the throne, it could be argued that the cause of all these disputes originated. The usurpation of Richard II was also significant because it meant that any person of royal blood who had raised an army, and who had argued with the king could become a contender for the throne, as they could but overthrow the king and take the crown for themselves.This meant that the throne was never going to be safe from anyone who wished to take it. This made it almost inevitable for war to break out, as any of the following rulers claims to the throne could be questioned, and it created political uncertainty and instability due to the fact that the Lancastrian dynasty was based on usurpation. Despite Henry Bolingbrokes excuse that Richard II had been unfit to rule, it still caused a dispute about whether the usurpation of the throne could really be excused. However, this was not a problem during the reigns of Henry IV and Henry V, and the debate was only brought about when Henry VIs failings became apparent- had there been a strong, capable ruler on the throne, this debate would not have been reopened.Bastard Feudalism also played a significant role in the Wars of the Roses. The phrase was coined by the historian Charles Plummer. K.B. McFarlane argues that the whole system of bastard feudalism did in fact have the potential to provide stability, suggesting that its contribution to the disorder and instability of that period was merely a reflection of Henry VIs ineffective rule. This serves to reinforce the argument that it was Henry VIs inability to rule that created the problems which arose and ultimately culminated in the outbreak of war. Certainly, had a strong king, capable of maintaining control, b een placed on the throne, then the system of bastard feudalism would not have proved an issue.It could also be argued that the over-mighty subjects such as York and Warwick were to blame for causing the Wars of the Roses. Some historians have argued that Henry VIs mistrust of York was not justified, as he had legitimate grievances. He had been the kings lieutenant in France but was replaced by Somerset who was abandoned a larger army. Somerset was even paid 2 5,000 for troops while York was given nothing and instead told to wait. Somersets younger brother was also made lieutenant of France and York was humiliated as lieutenant of Ireland. The government also owed York 38,666 (12,666 of this York agreed to forgo), but they still failed to pay his wages, and even owed him a and 10,000 due to his hereditary pension.Because of the governments refusal to pay York the money he was owed, his debt increased to the extent that he was forced to consider selling some of his manors, as well a s endanger relationships with his friends by adoption heavily from them. York also received 21,000 worth of bad tallies-which were the crowns method of discharging its debts by handing out tallies on some regular source of income, and receiving the tallies did not guarantee proper payment. Many historians agree that York be fairer treatment than this- he had been active in the kings service abroad and was the crowns largest single creditor after loaning them 26,000.The historian Keith Dockray claims that he could reasonably expect a prominent role in Henry VIs council and even, perhaps, formal recognition as the kings heir. Many pro-Yorkist chroniclers were of the belief that he was a good person who was being treated very bad by the corrupt clique surrounding the king(Dockray). The English Chronicle states that unwashed people hate Somerset but loved York because he loved the commons and reserved the common profit of this land. According to K.B. Mcfarlane, some of the blame ca n still be attributed to the king, because only an under-mighty ruler had anything to fear from over-mighty subjects.This links back to the key problem underlying all these factors-Henry VI was a poor ruler, and so the stability of the government depended on his ability to assert authority and make good decisions. The development of bastard feudalism, caused by the growth of affinities, also helped to cause instability between the king and his magnates, as it enabled the magnates to subvert the wishes of the crown and take the law into their own hands. According to Neillands, the magnates began to maintain bodies of soldiers, even in peacetime, and this maintenance was not illegal unless the lord attempt to support his retainer in outlawry or by influencing the court of law. As a result, violence became widespread due to Henry VIs inability to maintain control of the system. Gillingham, however, paints a very positive portrayal of Henry VIs minority. He concludes that it was eviden ce showing that in fifteenth century England there existed a stable political system, containing in the council an institutional framework within which tensions could be contained and resolved.However, Richard Plantagenets contemporaries tended to be more critical when assessing whether he deserved this treatment. The historian J.R. Lander referred to him as an ambitious, opportunist and self-interested magnate who failed to win much committed support from his peers. Many of Yorks contemporary critics believed that he was far more motivated by self-interest rather than concern for public good, and some even called him a traitor. This is evident in a Chancery memorandum in 1456 that claimed that all disturbances since Cades rebellion had been at the will of the Duke of York, descended from the Mortimers.The fact that he is not only infernal for the disturbances after Cades rebellion, but there is also an accusatory remark about his lineage, clearly suggests that he had not won the s upport of his peers. The Coventry Parliament in 1459 even wrote a catalogue of his alleged treacheries, and the tract Somnium Vigilantes criticised his behaviour as being subversive to the commonwealth. The events in 1452 also support this view York started a campaign to remove Somerset from power which failed, so he had to resort to an armed force. He also confronted the king at Blackheath with armed retainers, with a view to finally gaining his deserved position beside the king.According to the historian J.R. Lander, one contemporary writer claims that he surrendered on the promise that Somerset would be arrested. However, this failed, as little support from nobles and the common people led to his humiliation. These events suggest that York was indeed ambitious and self-interested with little support. When York returned from Ireland in 1450, many of the kings servants became suspicious. Despite returning because he was worried about the return of Somerset from France, the kings se rvants sour he was there to overthrow the king due to rumours spread about during that time. This suggests that he certainly did not have the approval of the public, as they were prepared to believe in rumours rather than trusting in his character.Overall, the balance of evidence seems to suggest that Henry VI was primarily responsible for the Wars of the Roses. Henry VIs incompetence allowed rebellion to take place, and his inability to rule effectively meant that the government was filled with over-mighty subjects all vying for power. He also worsened the disputes between the nobles and increased tensions between them, creating the perfect conditions for war to take place. Although he cannot be blamed substantially for the defeat in France, he did play a role in events by surrendering Maine and Anjou. The usurpation in 1399 also heightened all of these factors, as it encouraged the belief that God was against his rule. None of the key factors responsible for the Wars of the Roses would have been as influential on events if Henry VI had been the dominant, assertive ruler everyone needed him to be.BibliographyThe Wars of the Roses by John GillinghamThe Wars of the Roses by Robin NeillandsThe Wars of the Roses by Antonia FraserThe Wars of the Roses by J.R.LanderBlood and Roses by Helen CastorBosworth Field and the Wars of the Roses by A.L .RowseHenry VI and the Politics of Kingship by John Watts

Of Mice And Men Creative Writing Essay Example for Free

Of Mice And Men Creative Writing Es enounceThe early forenoon dew on the grass sparkled in the sunlight as it rose from behind the Gabilian mountains. The town of weed was silent, do in and only you could hear was the flow of the river which was gushing in between the fresh green willows of the Salinas River. The mist was so fine all you could see was the top of the Gabilian Mountains. On the other side of the Salinas River slight dew glistened on the grass, of which in that location were branches oerhanging the green murky pool. On the sandy bank at that place lay beneath the trees of which had leaves that were brittle from the sunlight. They would baffle a scurrying noise when the leaves are walked over. Rabbits leap and bound out from their warrens, full of energy from their sleep, tone ending to sit on the golden sand. As the morning became brighter and more alive the wildlife came to arose from the dark to start a fresh new day. T present was a vivid path of some sort that went through plants and trees, a path that had been disturbed by boys, men, heavily walking on it coming down from a vexed grafts organise in the ranches, heading towards the deep pool for a refreshing dip.From another direction there were twain shadows of a of a relatively teensy sized person and a comparatively rangy in size person. From the shadow of the comparatively big in size person it was very tall-growing and very strongly built and the shadow of the relatively little sized person look little strong and built. The leader of the two men looked as if he was the brain and stomp of the large man. He looked like a father figure. Due to the town f weed being deserted the voices of these two men got louder as the came closer to the town of weed.The larger men of the two look as if he was tired and fed up because he was dragging his feet across the path. It looked as if it was an effort carry the weight down of the larger man. Sweat was pouring finish up of him and as they got closer you could here him sighing and saying Are we here yet.For Christ sake I have already told you Lennie that we have got a mile to go yet. incorporate moaning, walked quicker and we will get there in no time at all George give tongue to very crossly.Why George is it taking so long. Where are we discharge George? I am thirsty and vitriolic George.Lennie How many times will I have to say this we are going to Murray and Readys to get our work cards so they can give us some work? I cant hope you forgot already I only told you like 15 minutes agoGeorge looked at Lennie as if he was a little child who couldnt remember anything. George looked at him with disgust.George, George, I am olive-drab, I really am sorry George.Lennie just shut up and dont forget it again. I am not going to say it again.For a little while there was silence. All you could hear was the rustling of the sand and dust from the path. then(prenominal) George tell come on its not long now, we will b e here soon.As George and Lennie walked the final part to get to the ranch George told Lennie about his plans for them both to work on the ranch for a little while and collect some money and then get a place of their own with run and chickens and other stuff. But George also told Lennie that he had to be on his best behaviour as they cute work otherwise he wouldnt get to tent the rabbits.Right Lennie we are here now. Now you clutch out side here and dont move while I get the work cards.Ok George I wont move till you come back.Yeah and be good for gods sake we dont want the boss to find out what a crazy bastard you are sometimes do we. Said George.Whilst George was get the work cards Lennie was sitting down waiting for him. Lennie started to get bored, so his eyes started to wonder the soundings most him. In the corner of his eye he saw something with looked soft, red dress. It was a young girl with her father. She had crimson cheeks and a friendly smile, and luscious red dress . Lennie thought about what George had said for a second, then looked over at the young girl as she walked and sat next to him.Lennie then decided despite what George had told him, to guggle to her and say hello. Lennie took at her and saw red dress and could not bear touching it. The dress looked so velvety and so soft. As he touched the dress he startled her, and so she screamed, only he couldnt let go because it was so silky but the harder he clenched his fists the more he pulled it and the angrier Lennie got, as she tried to get away. As the girl was screaming so loud the father comprehend and came out but before he had chance to see Lennie, Lennie ran off.George instantly knew that Lennie had done something wrong, so he went in search of Lennie.You crazy basted what you go and do that for. It was all going well until you done that said George.George, George I am sorry, I really am. I tried not to touch. I did George. Lennie said frightfully as he realised George was very ir ate with him.George looked at Lennie with anxiety as they ran from the town off Weed. They headed for the forest to make sure anyone that was searching for them wouldnt find them.Bloody hell Lennie I knew that you couldnt go without acquire into trouble. Five minutes I left you for, five bloody minutes. What the hell am I going to do with you?George I couldnt help it, you know I couldnt it just looked..JUST STOP THERE LENNIEIts all ways sorry George, I didnt mean too. Well now you can sort it out I dont careLennie looked at George with disappointment, but knew that he had done wrong. All Lennie could reply with was I am sorry George, I forgot.From that point, on there was little sound all the way to the ranch. They walked for miles and miles on end on a long, boring and dusty road. There was not one mutter of a word.

European History Essay Example for Free

European History EssayHow did Bismarcks system of alliances help engage peace? Bismarcks system of alliances was the goal of keeping France isolated and not to have both military allies. Also, he treasured to keep Russia and Austria-Hungary from going to state of war. France was still bitter over the losing Alsace-Lorraine from the Franco-Prussian War. Both Russia and Austria-Hungary coveted territory from the weakening Ottoman conglomerate, which was the Balkans. The Three Emperors League was an alliance with Austria-Hungary, Germany, and Russia. This was against radical movements. With the Congress of Berlin, Austria got Bosnia and Herzegovina.The Balkan states ended up becoming independent. The Triple Alliance was Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy was a defensive alliance protection against Russia. The Reinsurance Treaty was between Germany and Russia. If unitary of them were to be attacked, they promised neutrality. Germany was concerned about war between Austria a nd Russia. Plus France and Russia being allies. William II ended this conformity and dismissed Bismarck. 2) What were the reasons for Britain and Germanys love-hate relationship? Between the 1700 and 1800s, Germany and Britain had a common enemy, which was France.Their racials ties of Anglo-Saxon and Germanic people as well. The rivalry was of course power. Germany was on the rise to power. Economic wise was the colonie and the world intellectual nourishment market. For the military component, Germany expanded their navy blue with battleships. Great Britain is known for its naval supremacy and it was threatened by Germany. It ended up being a naval race between the two nations. For the semipolitical factors, Great Britain precious alliances with France, Russia, and the coupled States. At the Algeciras Conference, Germany move to break the friendship between Great Britain and France.They failed and brought them closer. 3) Why was the Moroccan crisis of 1905 a turning point in E uropean diplomacy? France and Great Britain agreed over North Africa. Britain got enough control over Egypt and France got full control over Morocco. The Anglo-French Entente was closer relations between France and England. Germany as always wanted to endeavor and break the treaty between France and England. Germany didnt act diplomatically though. They were now viewed as an international bully. Great Britain, France, Russia, and the United States saw Germany as a common threat. These four nations became closer.Austria became Germanys main ally as well. 4) What touch on did the Congress of Berlin (1878) have on the Balkan area? What were the origins and causes of the Third Balkan War? With the Congress of Berlin, Austria-Hungary had power over Bosnia and Herzegovina. Romania and Serbia win independence. Bulgaria won a somewhat say in their government. Austria-Hungary and Russia wanted to control the Balkans. With nationalism, Serbia wanted to expand by gaining Bosnia and Herzego vina. Austria-Hungary ended up annexing both of their wanted territories. Serbians were furious.The First and Second Balkan Wars consisted of fight within Serbia, Bulgaria, and the Ottoman Empire about territorial gains. Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria-Hungary was on a visit to Sarajevo and ended up getting assassinated by Serbians. It was the Black Hand which was a Serbian terrorist group. Austria-Hungary declared war on Serbia which was the start of the Third Balkan War. Austria-Hungary wanted to stop nationalism that threatened their empire. 5) Which of the major powers do you believe were most trustworthy and least responsible for the war? Explain. Austria-Hungary had imperialism in the Balkans and declared war on Serbia.They were also Germanys main ally. Russia had total subscribe to of Serbia. They allied with Serbia and France. All three of them mobilized against Germany and Austria-Hungary. Germany wrote a blank check to Austria-Hungary. William IIs poor control of int ernational diplomacy lead to the Moroccan crisis and naval build up. In addition, Germany invaded France through Belgium. France became eonianly demented at Germany and seeked for revenge. They ended up allying with Russia. This meant the support from Russia meant also from Serbia. Great Britain had a naval build up and entered an alliance with France.This disrupted the balance of power and made it point toward France now. 6) What impact did the war have on the economy and the people at home? How cooperative was the population? The economy changed from a free market system to a state run economy. The government organized price and wage controls, quotas, production and what to be produced. The food and resources vital for war had to be rationed. Due to nationalism, the population was supportive of the total war efforts of their governments, in the bloodline of the war. 7) Did the war have any effect on the power of organized labor? On women in society?The labor unions cooperated w ith governments on production and wages. The government gave back by allowing labor leading in policy making councils. The unions were accepted in the European countries as legitimate system of ruless. Women were now in demand for labor because men were off at war. Women became a more visible part in society and this gave a boost for the modern womens rights movement. 8) What evidence is there that the strain of the war was beginning to take its toll on the home front in Russia, Austria, France, and Germany by 1916? Russia had a lot of war casualties. The population was vital of the czars leadership.Nicholas II went to the front to lead the host. While he was away, Alexandra and Rasputin were in charge. Austrias chief minister was assassinated. Frances Joseph died as well. The Czechs and Yugoslavs called for autonomous democracies. France and their troops refused to fight. There were labor strikes during the war. Clemenceau ruled much as a dictator. Germany had Karl Liebknecht, w ho was a radical social leader, spoke out against war. This had the radicals to protest. There was an expanding anti-war legislation in the Reichstag and massive break strikes in Berlin. 9) What were the reasons for the Russian Revolution in March 1917?Who were the Soviets? The war demoralized troops which led to mass desertions. Many peasant soldiers returned home and angry with weapons. Also the war produced massive food shortages and there were bread riots in St. Petersburg. These riots spread like wildfire. Nicholas II ended up stepping down and leave Russia. The Soviet and the provisional government ended up trying to rule Russia. The social classes were going for political liberty. The upper middle class were expecting better results from the war. Workers demanded better wages and good. Peasants asked for land reform. The Soviets was a political organization in St.They were against the czars government and operated separately from the Kerenskys provisional government. For exa mple, Army Order 1. 10) What were the reasons for the Bolshevik supremacy in the civil war? The democracy ended up turning into an anarchy. Not one person group or person had clear dominance to take power. Lenin and Trotsky were talented leaders who competed for power. Trotsky created an organized and concentrate army that was able to outperform the whites. While Lenin was able to appeal to the urban workers and soldiers who were for socialism, successfully.The Bolsheviks ruled the center of Russia era the white were scattered out over thousands of miles. There was a secret police and the use of terror. The exsanguinous Armies were decentralized and didnt organize movements. They didnt have a clear political objective that rallied the enemies of the Bolsheviks into an unify front. Foreign military aid was too late and little and rallied nationalistic Russian against the whites. 11) What happened to the Austro-Hungarian and Turkish empires subsequently 1918? Austria-Hungary be came Austria. They lost land to Italy which was Tyrol.They became independent states which were Czechoslovakia, Yugoslavia, and Hungary. Austria ended up becoming a small, militarily insignificant European nation. The Ottoman Empire ended up becoming bomb. France got Lebanon and Syria. While Britain received Iraq and Palestine. The empire was diminished and Turkeys borders were the Anatolian peninsula and the Bosporus. Both of these nations were once dominant in power and now were put down to auxiliary status, which is ironic. 12) What were the goals of Wilson, Lloyd George, and Clemenceau at the Versailles Peace Conference? President Wilson of the United States created the Fourteen Points.He wanted national self determinations, rights of small countries, and League of Nations. David Lloyd George was focused on restoring Germany to a reasonable economic strength. He perceived that Germany could be a balance to the communist Russia. Georges Clemenceau seeked revenge against German y for the two invasions in the last forty years. He wanted to create a buffer state between France and Germany. He wanted protection against future attacks and permanent demilitarization of Germany. Germany had to pay large war reparations and it weakened them, yet gave France a chance to rebuild.

Blackberry Picking Essay Example for Free

berry weft EssayTask Choose a numbers that deals with an aspect of ordinary living. Analyse the meter viewing how it .Pleasures are like poppies spread You seize the flower, its bloom is shed Bums Seamus Heaneys sensual and disturbing poem Blackberry -Picking explores aspects of ordinary living and enables us to see clearly the truth about a core section of gentleman nature. This engaging piece of verse, written early in the Nobel laureates career, exposes humans perpetual require for cheer and the seemingly inescapable negative consequences attached to this pursuit. The poem is produced in a style readers familiar with Heaney lead recognise the deeper meaning is heavily cloaked in metaphor, and is therefore made clearer and more emphatic at a date understood. Upon reflection of these underlying themes about ordinary life, the reader experiences the clarity of vision usually associated with seeing something for the starting clock time this is a quality Heaney has claimed is essential to poetry.The poem is, on the surface, about a boys experiences at berry-picking time in the countryside. The anticipation and participation in this apparently truly pleasant practice is conveyed for most of the branch stanza of this two stanza piece. The poet describes an insatiable appetite (that verges upon greed) for indulging in the activity. In the latter part of this initiatory stanza, however, a far less hedonistic mood after part be detected by a very noticeable change in lexical choice and imagery indeed, guilt and perhaps even self-reproach are evident here. In the second stanza the picked fruit becomes grotesque as it decays and the inevitable destructive forces of time take effect Primarily, it is necessary to detail the larger metaphor which is relevant from the very beginning of the poem the title Blackberry-Picking. The concept of picking fruit has irreducible associations with the Biblical story of Genesis an explanation of groundwork a nd mankinds fall from a state of innocence to one of blunder out and guilt.In this book Adam and eve are templed by Satan to pick the forbidden fruit, resulting in their expulsion from Paradise. From this we can infer that the berries of Heaneys poem symbolise temptation, and that this temptation will lead to a loss of innocence and the incursion of guilt and sin into the world of the poem. In addition to this, the idea that the propensity for giving in to temptation is central to human nature, as it is of such ancientorigin, is strongly suggested. The time of category when these symbolic berries are picked, Late August, is stipulation up in the first line, and the sultry, humid, sensual atmosphere of this time of year is evoked by the following zeugma given heavy rain and sun. This sensual atmosphere is demonstrable in the first nine lines of the poem, and it clearly contains allusions to energize in lines 5-7 You ate that first one, and its flesh was benignant Like thicke ned wine summers blood was in it Leaving stains upon the tongue and lust for Picking. here(predicate) the idea of the irresistible allure of the berries is emphasised, and the allusions to sexual pleasure through with(predicate) the lexical choice of that first one, its flesh was sweet, Leaving stains upon the tongue, and the direct character to lust, heighten the mood of sensual temptation. This is reinforced and strengthened by the suggestion of intoxication in line 6 when the flesh of the berries is draw in a simile as being Like thickened wine. Summer is subsequently personified and this reference to Summers blood thickens the languid, warm, impassioned atmosphere. In this section of the poem, then, very ordinary aspects of life sensuousness, sexuality, desire, temptation are conveyed vigorously and clearly through the metaphor of blackberry picking. This metaphor enables us to see these things as extraordinary brainish forces behind our actions, and this is a disturbing r ealisation. The boy experiencing this burgeoning, bountiful time of the rural calendar cannot, as has been shown above, trip up enough of the fruit he picks. He and others set out between lines 9-12 to gather as legion(predicate) berries as they can.After they have indulged in this harvest, however, a contrasting mood is introduced .. on top capacious dark blobs burned Like a plate of eyes. Our hold were peppered With thorn pricks, our palms sticky as Bluebeards. Here the poetry is loaded with imagery and cultural associations. Initially the monosyllabic alliteration of the plosive b in big dark blobs burned strikes the reader as ponderous and menacing. This reaction is reinforced by the connotations of twinge in the verb burned. The effect of this is aided by the gruesome and macabre simile that follows. The berries are described as being Like a plate of eyes. The very different mood engendered by this imagery is developed by the subsequent allusion to the crucifixion of Chris t in hands in thorn pricks and the simile incorporating the fabledcharacter Bluebeard (a pirate who murdered many wives). This section of the poem, then, gives three consecutive images that evoke . connotations of guilt the mutilation of the berries congenital environment, the indirect reference to Christ (crucified by mankind), and the comparison between the berry pickers hands and the bloody hands of a serial murderer.In stanza two the mood of the poem deteriorates further as the harvested berries decay. In the first line the word hoarded, used to describe the volume of berries stored, reminds us of the insatiable appetite and self-indulgence depict in the first stanza. The berries are now rotting, however, and this is conveyed effectively through word choice. They are described with the verbs rotten and fermented. Furthermore, a disease is spreading through the hoard. This is described as A ratgrey fungus, glutting on our cache.The connotations of disgust, revulsion and chag rin evident here are developed in lines 20-21 Once off the bush/I the sweet flesh would turn sour. What we can also perceive here is the notion of the inevitable and regularly undergo designate of all pleasure it cannot last and becomes satiety and guilt. The anguish at the fate of the berries, and therefore the fate of all indulgence is emphasised by the tone of the third last line I continuously felt like crying. It wasnt fair. The boy of the poem is clearly still becoming accustomed to the irresistible forces of time. In the last line, however, we learn that the boy experiences this annually That all the lovely canfuls smelt of rot Each year I hoped theyd keep, knew they would notPerpetual hope and the following inevitable disappointment is emphasised here, and the reader can directly engage with this as we all experience such sequences in ordinary life. By the growth of reflecting upon, and understanding, the blackberry picking metaphor, the reader sees the driving forces behind human behaviour afresh, and they become extraordinary and disturbing. Blackberry-Picking is a sensual and evocative poem which entices the reader with rich and opulent images. In stanza one we are skeletal into the pleasure of the activities depicted by the poet. The ideas of guilt, disgust, and disappointment are then introduced as the greed of the pickers and the decay of the berries are illustrated.The extension of this cycle to others areas of life is performed by the use of sexual and culturalallusions, symbolism and metaphor. Through these techniques we are given a startlingly clear picture of a common and ordinary reality we whitethorn never before have considered that our lives are driven by perpetually disappointed hope and desire and that pleasure cannot last. The disturbing nature of this realisation is compounded by the religious symbolism of the berries this state of personal business may have been with us from the very beginning, and there is no reason why it should not be with us to the end.