Northanger Abbey Characters Essay Example for Free

Northanger Abbey Characters EssaySecond of which, it is as well weighty to note that the social identity theory claims that every(prenominal) person enacts multiple identities that functions in every social context such as for instance, mother, professor, volunteer, that could be drivers of buying actions (p. 11). The behavioral ending theory that is under the umbrella of the social identity theory claims that choices of consumers are often made in accordance with their attribute levers. Closely cerebrate to this is the attitude theory which emphasizes consumer expectancies and evaluations on a extra product belief (p. 11-12).The figure below presents consumer goals in terms of their buying preferences. It could be seen that the essence reason that determines why such and such consumers buy sure products is primarily due to their life paper and values. In effect of these, their life themes and values deeply influenced how they are going to deal with their life projects , flow rate concerns and consumption intentions. Finally, the benefits sought and the feature preferences are also considered as the end goal of the being and doing hierarchy. depict 3 A hierarchical model of consumer goals SourceRatneshwar, Mick and Huffman (2000, p. 14) Life themes and values are the own(prenominal) ideas of being and the highest goal in a persons framework. A terminal value is a belief that is considered as an end in it ego such as freedom r wisdom. These types of values are like empiric concerns that every customer has to deal with their daily lives which are rooted on their personal histories (p. 15). Themes and values in ones life are the core conceptions of the self. These values are deeply embedded, interconnected and primordial in order to maintain integrity of the self-system.Corollary with this, these values are relatively stable and accessible as well and could be activated easily in almost any circumstance. As such it could be said that themes an d values serve as a yardstick or standard guide to lower-order goals and actions (p. 17). trustworthy concerns such as activities, tasks or quests are also vital in a consumers buying behavior. For instance, activities or life projects that a customer wants to engage into like gardening, being an animal rights advocate and the likes influences them to buy certain products that are in accordance to such goals (p.18).2. 5 CSR and Purchasing Decisions The link between CSR and consumer purchasing decisions is something that has a direct relationship. It has been said by Varadarajan and Menon (1988) that it is very relevant for consumers to first be educated on a particular participations level of social responsibility before they could incorporate such on their pattern of behavior. This is all important(p) so that consumer purchasing decisions could be affected by the CSR programs that a go with is employing.The notion of cause related marketing which is a way for companies to nur ture non profit organizations by allotting a certain percentage of their gross sales to the creator is one of the most effective way of doing the aforementioned (Mohr and Webb, 2001, p. 45). Albeit, it should be noted that although CSR has been highly exercised by most companies, the biggest inhibitor of the latters success is lack of consumer awareness on a particular caller-ups CSR program. However even if this is the case, on that point is a increase evidence that a lot of consumers are desiring to know more about how companies conducts their businesses.The purchasing information that was given by Council on Economic Priorities in 1994 tells that consumer interest on CSR has been steadily growing (Mohr and Webb, 2001, p. 45). 2. 6 Customer Satisfaction and Customer Loyalty Customer pleasure is difficult to understand and it is cook in diverse ways. Many researchers argued that there is a difference between the customer satisfaction, which is gained from tangible products and intangible services. The difference is because of the intangibility of the services and the failure to separate production and consumption.Therefore, customer satisfaction from services and goods whitethorn come from and influenced by different factors. Hence, should be considered separately and differently (Veloutsou, C. et al, 2005). Two issues should be considered when looking customer satisfaction in services whether it is conceptualized or transaction specific or cumulative (Hoest, V. and Knie-Andersen, M. , 2004). Customer satisfaction has been perceived as not the sole determining factor for a loyal customer imbruted (Griffin and Herres, 2002, p. 2).During the 1980s and the 1990s, the notion of customer satisfaction which is weighed in terms of providing quality customer service and probity has been perceived as providing good financial results and repeat acquire. A study conducted by Forum tidy sum (Stum and Thiry, 1991, p. 34) claimed that 40% of the customers who p articipated in the study claimed to be satisfied with a particular product found it liberal to shift brands without any hesitation. As such, it has been perceived by Griffin and Herres (2002 p.4-5) that the true invoicement that should be utilize in repeated business is Customer Loyalty. Customer loyalty focuses more on consumer behaviour than attitude.When a particular client is loyal to a brand, such a person is more particular in conducting grease ones palms behaviour that is relatively more non random. A client who is loyal to a brand has positive a particular justified belief on which and what to buy from whom. More importantly, the notion of loyalty implies a purchase that occurs for a particular duration, which does not occur less than twice.Also, it could be significantly noted that the decision to purchase could be made by one or two or more individuals. As such, it could be the case that the decision making to buy a particular product could be a compromise, hence expl aining one of the key reasons for ones loyalty for a particular unit. There are two important factors that are closely associated with brand loyalty and these are customer retention and total allocate of customer. The former describes the duration in which a particular company has the business of a client.The rate of customer luck on the other hand is equivalent to the percentage of a customers work out that is spent with the firm. For instance, a company is said to have 100% share of a customers work out if the latter spends his or her entire budget with a particular firm. As such it could be said that customer retention and percentage of customers budget is very important however, there might be instances wherein a customer is prevented by certain laws to purchase just from one vendor such as g all overnment accounts.Gustafsson and Johnson (2000 p.50) presented a model which would effectively measure customer satisfaction. Satisfaction in terms of the model is perceived as cus tomers overall evaluation of the purchase and consumption experience with a product, service or provider. The model presented by Gustafsson and Johnson (2000) appears to be different from transaction-specific portrayals of customer satisfaction that normally leads to repurchase. The model focuses on the importance of Customer Lens or the eyeshot of a customer on a particular brand, most especially how it benefits them.The lens of the customer will allow the organization to take a view of their product as it appears on the market stead and not really how their organization perceives it (Gustafsson and Johnson, 2000, p. 5). It has been argued by Gustafsson and Johnson (2000) that customers decisions to repurchase a particular product are deeply influenced by their overall purchase and consumption from a particular company or brand. In addition, customer satisfaction could pave the way for an enhanced reputation and an increase of brand equity for a particular organization.Such in tu rn could further attract customers that could have further increase the market share of a particular brand. 2. 7 The consistency patronise supranational, PLC Values The eubstance buy at International PLC has v corporate values Against Animal Testing, Support Community Trade, Activate self-importance Esteem, and Protecting our Planet (The bole shop class International plc a, 2007). 2. 7. 1 Against Animal Testing The company strongly advocated for the banning of the test of cosmetics on animals.In addition, the company prides itself due to its strict compliance of the internationally recognized Humane Cosmetics Standards (The Body Shop International plc b, 2007). As such it has been implementing a so-called fixed cut-off insure to all of their ingredients. Such means, that the company does not and will never test their cosmetics on animals, hence calling it an immovable fixed date (The Body Shop International plc c, 2007). More importantly, the company has also assured that t heir products could also be capable for vegetarians.This means that the company does not use any ingredient that is perceived to cause harm to animals (The Body Shop International plc c, 2007). In effect of this, the Body Shop has been awarded on 2006 as the Best Cruelty-free Cosmetics by the PETA (People for the Ethical Treatments of Animals). (The Body Shop International plc b, 2007). The advocate of Body Shop to ban animal examination is stretched even by the company supporting researches that could bring about alternatives against animal testing. In 2004, the Body Shop Foundation has awarded the Centre for Alternatives to Animal Testing at John Hopkins University ?20 000 in order to support the universitys research in finding other ways to test cosmetics (The Body Shop International plc b, 2007). 2. 7. 2 Support Community Trade Body Shops support for community cunning focuses on the use of raw(a) ingredients and handcrafted products from skilled people and was brought for a r easonable prize for more than 20 years on over 24 countries and 31 suppliers (The Body Shop International plc e, 2007). In another perspective, community fair trade provides workers in marginalized countries to earn a reliable wage that could help them build their futures (The Body Shop International plc d, 2007).More importantly, the community trade that Body Shop made from the aforementioned also provides the company the assurance that it has been purchasing ingredients in which they know where came from (The Body Shop International plc d, 2007). As such, it could be said that the company has been spreading not only its monetary assets but also its intellectual investments as well somewhat among countries most especially to the ones which needed it most (The Body Shop International plc d, 2007). 2. 7. 3 Activate Self Esteem Body shop also deeply upholds basic feminist values.Their motto Know your mind, have it away your body communicates the individuality of all women and the d isregard to false promises, hype, and jargons of cosmetics and a fixed standard of beauty (The Body Shop International plc f, 2007). More importantly, the body shop emphasizes the importance of self awareness, self-confidence, self-growth and self-acceptance. As such it deems self respect while focusing on diversity, acceptance and empowerment (The Body Shop International plc g, 2007). 2. 7. 4 Protecting our Planet Protecting the planet is the last among the five core values of Body Shop.This value is deeply connected on the advocate of the company in using natural ingredients. Body Shop believed that through the use of natural ingredients and through helping on the ban against cosmetic test on animals, they are helping to protect the environment (The Body Shop International plc h, 2007). Furthermore, Body Shop also supports the use of renewable sources through the use of Forest Stewardship Council certified wood products. I

Bring Back Flogging Essay Example for Free

Bring Back Flogging EssayFirst off, I guess we should bring stand drubbing. We have a problem with prisons now days and I believe flogging can help. Prisons full dont work. Theyre overcrowded, violent, and cost way too oft epochs money. They are completely ineffective I remember back in high school, if we got in distract we would be suspended or either have ISS. For most people, ISS wasnt anything but fun just another regular day at school. Thats how I feel prisons have become. Some criminals allow tell you straight up that prison is just a walk in the park, and it shouldnt be that way People should dread going to prison instead of not worrying about it. If we brought back flogging, I believe people would be quicker to change their ways rather than spending time in a prison cell. Flogging is humiliating and painful yet quick and cheapWe would enter a decline in prisons offering up billions of dollars. Just think what we could do with those billions of dollars. If someone were to be flogged, I think it should be behind closed doors because if not, thats where the controversy would start. Although it would be very embarrass to the criminal to be flogged in front of the public, he/she has rights too. Also, for those who think flogging is cruel, do you not bang that prisoners get beat, raped, burned, and assaulted on a daily basis. I think a criminal would take a back ache over being beat, raped, burned, or assaulted any day. I also think flogging should be brought back for the simple idea that criminals can get on with their life and dont have to completely start all over

Data Analysis for Research Essay Example for Free

Data Analysis for Research EssayScenario 1 Customer Perceptions of the Toyota Brand WKB Toyota in Chichester want to investigate customer attitudes towards the Toyota brand, to see if the press coverage regarding mechanical failures during 2009-2010 have had some(prenominal) semipermanent impacts on customer loyalty and potential sales to new customers. In the first instance, WKB can laissez passer access to their own marketing database.Scenario 2 Market Segmentation for Visit Chichester Visit Chichester is in the suffice of realigning its marketing strategy to key customer groups in order to more effectively promote the visitor economy in the Chichester District. As part of the process they wish to conduct research to investigate legitimate attitudes towards the Visit Chichester website. They wish to seek views from crosswise a range of profiles including families with children, couples, and the retired market. The results will be used to read the structure and content of the new Visit Chichester website.Scenario 3 NatWest Banking Charter Following its widespread publicity campaign, which include TV adverts and street billboards, and as part of its commitment to customer service, NatWest wish to undertake research to corroborate the impact of its Customer Charter. More specifically, they want to ascertain whether it has lead to a discernible improvement in customers perception of the banks service quality. They in addition wish to undertake an internal audit to judge whether staff have noticed an impact of the Charter.Scenario 4 The Green Economy The West Sussex Sustainable subscriber line Partnership has equip the University of Chichester undertake research assessing the level of sustainable furrow practice by businesses across a range of sectors in West Sussex. Specifically the WSSBP would like to establish the extent to which businesses be adopting commonalty measures in key areas such as operations management, purchasing, and energy mana gement. They also want to establish business awareness of available support for going green, and general business attitudes to the green agenda. The results will succor WSSBP help businesses prepare for the green economy being championed by the coalition Government.Scenario 5 HMV Music In the unprovoked of poor trading figures, and the imminent closure of 60 of its UK branches, HMV want to undertake research to ascertain the factors that are causing poor sales and determine which product lines should be continued and which ones should be discarded. They are also interested in how they can improve their online sales performance as part of a realignment of their retail strategy.Scenario 6 Tourism Industry Response to Recession and Recovery The Sussex Tourism Partnership have equip the University to undertake research into the impact of recession on the tourism industry in Sussex, and the strategic chemical reaction adopted by tourism businesses, including accommodation providers a nd attractions. They wish to establish the degree to which different sectors have matt-up the impact of recession, either positively or negatively, and identify the key measures these businesses have taken to remain matched in the current downturn.Scenario 7 Evaluation of Goodwood Motor Racing Events The Goodwood Road Racing Company (GRRC) has commissioned the University of Chichester to undertake research investigating visitor perceptions of the overall quality of the visitor experience at the Goodwood fete of further and Revival. They also want to assess visitors views about potential new events, products and services that could be develop at Goodwood that would increase revenue without significantly increase the negative impacts currently generated by the Festival of Speed and Revival events.Scenario 8 Green policies at Sainsbury PLC The aim of the research is to establish whether there are any economic benefits from adopting green business policies at Sainsbury supermarkets. The supermarkets Operations Manager wants to identify ways in which the economic impacts of Sainsburys adoption of green business polices can be measured. In particular, she is interested in the identification of costs and benefits associated with implementing green business policies at Sainsbury, and to identify the economic incentives and disincentives which Sainsbury has from its stakeholders such as customers, suppliers and establishment to adopt green business policies.

Group Progression in Society Essay Example for Free

congregation Progression in Society EssayThe pressures of guild force humans into groups, whether to assortment nearthing, unite, or to expression a sense of belonging. N unmatchabletheless, it earth-closet be difficult to find what groups you may fit into and these groups can change as you trans reach into a more critical entailer. Studs Terkel tells the story a of Ku Klux Klan member turned check identity card activist, C.P. Ellis, in his essay, C.P. Ellis. Ellis struggles and realizations prove what critical thinking and self-importance-examination can do. Mike rosebushs essay, I only when Wanna Be Average also displays the importance of conveying by means of groups and how changing kind habits can help transform ace into a more efficient critical thinker, therefore allowing one to surpass the cultural myths placed upon them. Gary Colombo enlightens admiters by defining and giving advice on how to transform oneself into a critical thinker in his essay, intel lection Criti chaffery, Challenging Cultural Myths. Colombo argues that by thinking critically and challenging the norms of our rules of order we can fight to be the people we truly want to be. Humans form into groups subconsciously as well as consciously.Consequently, these groups we cast ourselves into atomic number 18 the very things that can hold us back from becoming true individuals. By reexamining old ways and becoming active critical thinkers, members of society can participate in groups in a manner which go out allow them to grow intellectually and outlast the cultural myths that is society has placed upon them. Groups call for a large impact on society since they are constructed to allow humans to do more than they would be able to as mere individuals. However, groups can often hinder the thought process of individuals and may example people to settle for less than what they are actually capable of. The cultural myth of belonging in society can cause individuals to p op off immersed in a groups ideas wholly instead of bl hold oning them with their own beliefs. Ellis recalls when his former Klansmen called him afterwards he started working for integration on the develop board with Ann Atwater, African American women.My old friends would call me at night C.P, what the hell is wrong with you? Youre selling out the white race. This begin to micturate me have guilt feelins. . . . My mind was beginnin to open up. I was beginnin to see what was right and what was wrong. I dont want the kids to fight forever (405). Had Ellis remained a narrow-minded member of the Ku Klux Klan his judgments and perceptions would have continued to be excessively influenced by the Klans extremist beliefs. By expanding his mind Ellis was able to work on non-Klan related issues and get well his racist tendencies thus transforming him into a more independent thinker.Critical thinking such as this is inwrought in being able to think independently opposed to being over p owered by a groups point of view and opinions. Colombo defines critical thinking as a matter of dialogue and debate discovering relationships between apparently unrelated ideas, finding parallels between your own experiences and the ideas you read about, exploring points of agreement and conflict between yourself and other people (9). By applying these skills Ellis talked through the issues on the school board and reexamined his relationship with Ms. Atwater which in turn matured his critical thinking abilities. These critical mental skills will modify one to choose which groups they truly belong to instead of merely becoming a drone in order to fulfill their own senses of belonging.However, not all group enrollment and involvement is by the survival of its members. Some are pieced together by members whose superiors have placed them in said groups. In some cases, placement into these groups can impede on the development of critical and independent thinking. Mike Roses unjust pla cement into his schools vocational is a prime example of this forced-group hindrance. Colombo states that cultural myths choke so closely identified with our personal beliefs that rereading them means rereading ourselves, rethinking the way we see the world. Questioning long-held assumptions can be an exhilarating experience, but it can be distressing too (8).By rethinking the groups society places us in we can gain a give understanding of ourselves as well as a better perception of the cultural myths that hold our true identities down. Rose tells about that the defenses mechanisms that he and his classmates built up to push-down stack with the below average, self-image that the vocational track gave them, they to twist the knife in their own grey matter in order to stand up to the mental wear-and-tear of the vocational schooling process. Rose delves further into this process Youll have to shut down, have to reject intellectual stimuli or diffuse them with sarcasm, have to cultiv ate stupidity, have to diversify boredom from a malady into a way of confronting the world. Keep your vocabulary simple, act stoned when youre not or act more stoned than you are, flaunt ignorance, materialize your dreams. It is a powerful and effectual defense it neutralizes the insult and the frustration of being a vocational kid. (Rose 162)Defenses like the ones used in Roses essay cause individuals to do the bare minimum and do not allow individuals to grow within the group but quite the opposite it stunts their identities and makes them complacent rather than questioning the world around causing a lack of internal expansion.By questioning the cultural myths of society and expanding the mind to think more critically individuals will be able to broaden their intellectual and social horizons. Ellis reminiscences at the end of the essay about his person growth by saying that our troubles are over with. They say the older you get, the harder it is for you to change. Since I cha nged, Ive set down and listened to tapes of Martin Luther King. I listen to it and tears come to my eyes cause I know what hes sayin now. I know whats happenin (408). By progressing through groups (the Ku Klux Klan and school board) Ellis was able to stick a critical thinker and overcome the many cultural myths of his life.Similarly, Rose progressed to become a critical thinker. By going from vocational track to college prep, Rose was forced to reassess his self in order to become the type of student and person he wanted to be upon ledger entry college prep. Id been mediocre for too long and enjoyed a public redefinition. And I suppose the privileged workings of my mind, such as they were, had been private for too long says Rose on regards to his switch and act in college prep (166). Both of these experiences show that by reevaluating the cultural myths in society and growing through different groups individuals can become critical thinkers and redefine themselves as the people they want to be.Society is fill up with cultural myths and pre-assigned groups for its members. Only by overcoming these myths and growing intellectually can individuals become who they want to be rather than what society decrees them to. The experiences of Rose and Terkel show what critical thinking and group progression can do to ones true self. Since Colombo defines critical thinking in his essay, the two experiences of Rose and Terkel allow the idea to be brought to life and put his work into context. Upon building critical thinking skills and experiencing group progression throughout life, individuals will be able to gain a multifaceted understanding of their true selves. This understanding will allow individuals to delve into the critical thinking and lead them to constantly challenge the world and groups around them. industrial plant CitiedColombo, Gary. Thinking Challenging Critically, Cultural Myths. Rereading America Cultural Contexts for Critical Thinking and Writing. Ed s. Colombo, G., Cullen, R., and Lisle, B. Boston Bedfortd/St. Martins, 2010. 1-15. Print. Rose, Mike. I Just Wanna Be Average. Rereading America Cultural Contexts for Critical Thinking and Writing. Eds. Colombo, G., Cullen, R., and Lisle, B. Boston Bedfortd/St. Martins, 2010. 157-169. Print. Terkel, Studs. C.P. Ellis.. Rereading America Cultural Contexts for Critical Thinking and Writing. Eds. Colombo, G., Cullen, R., and Lisle, B. Boston Bedfortd/St. Martins,

Education + Parents involvement Essay Example for Free

Education + Pargonnts enfolding Essay puerility carries a similar attitude for all the kidren boys and girls unto the age 3 days in respect of play, gaming and learning. A c areful study of Montessori direction reveals that the child develops learning, variation and a domestic-kind of assignment as a workshop, tells a lot ab egress the child within three years. This is irrespective of the gender. Reading skills are picked up by children only in this age.Influence on Early childhood cultureWorld Literacy of Canada (WLC) burn up to early childhood education programming in recent years has been the Early Years of bailiwick This study of Reversing the Real Brain Drain (published in 1999) by Hon. Margaret Norrie McCain and Dr.J.Fraser Mustard. The findings areNeed for early childhood cultivation programs found on the new chthonianstanding of brain development in the early years of and its effect on subsequent learning, behavior and health for individuals.First three years of a child, sets the fix up for competence and coping skills for the later stages of life.Need for more integrated framework for early child development and enkindleing support.Recommendations for parental guidanceParents must be provided with awareness, support and skills for the early development of their children.Build relation with children. sign up programs to parents and educators to learn new ways to nurture children and develop responsive kinds between adults and children.Participation of parents in childrens programs. Interactive and supportive learning system with children along with parents. Active role with children in play and reading at home. constrain a safe and superstarly environment for children. Create programs where children of all backgrounds and abilities will face loved and valued this will stimulate brain development, learning and self-confidence. Play-based learning, and problem solving for young children under the guidance of educators and parents.R esources of early childhood development Toy and resource libraries Nutrition programs Cultural events for children .e.g mobile represent book lending libraries Theme-based learning Play-kits.Special efforts and care for parents who are isolated to participate and benefit from the program.Create an awareness that children are part of social structure and emphasis on early childhood development.Parents involvement and its influence on achievement of Reading by students.The approach of the parent towards children is of similar kind with determine to education. Parents who stay-at-home moms can dedicate more time for motivating children in their reading habits especially to boys, by studying their interests and by discussing the topics which will detail about their approach to reading habits.Compelling boys to read for a certain hours of a day, forcibly, would not derive maximum results, as some parents believe. Instead motivation and allowing the boys to envisage and re-think about themselves, is certainly an achievement for the parents in the long run for developing reading habits.Todays tech-savvy days also stand as a hindrance to the attainment of reading habits to children. The reason being, an late access to television, computer, internet, pictorial matter games, cartoon movies has enabled the children to move away from books, which is not at all a healthy ground for school education. Parental guidance with teachers support is the only solution for sop up reading habits to children.For instance, the recent Harry Potter novels have created a large amount of careing of books more or less the world. Harry Potter, movies as well as books have been sold by publishers. This includes readers of all ages, including adolescents. Sorcerers Stone Chamber of Secrets Prisoner of Ascaban Gob allow of fireThis is a relevant example, that children do read books, based on legend, magic and fun. When it comes to the reading of curriculum, children may not feel as i nteresting as the fiction is. There is still scope for creating energy and interest among the students, and it mostly rests on the shoulders of parents and teachers.The precious hours of study of students are in the environment of school. The core area for their their learning activity and personality development. Students depict 60 share effect of their school, while the parental guidance is only 40 percent. Most of the part what they are is shape only in school. It is a well-known fact that parents and teachers work together to bring the best out of the students.How can parents tell if teachers are doing a wakeless job?Ed Worlds lede Files team members offer their perspective. Included Look at the work students bring home and the hard sell.Parents communication with teachers is the key ingredient to the parents to know how their children are studying in the school.Term Grade papers, newsletters chip in a correct picture of students performance.According to Principal Nina Newl in A teacher who has a levelheaded relationship with students is likely to be a regular parent informant.nformation can be through email, mobilize but in that location is a genuine concern about events in schoolroom to inform to the parents.. largely students evaluate a effectual teacher. Parents are also are guided by students in acquiring answers for their questions.Students are always honest in answering to the questions of parents about the events in the classroom.Conversation at dinner party table, a look at home work or a independent activity given, mention to the parents, the performance of their children.A prompt check everywhere the assignments is very important duty on the part of parents for the overall efficiency of the student. It also disc hurts a fact to the student that he/she is being monitored closely and theres no opportunity to haywire.Many schools follow the procedure of being fair in classroom rules and procedures, tough in standards of performance, and fun in learning and classroom lessonsfollow them home wherever it is required. tour school premises and watching students in the classroom also gives a true picture and to the cheer of the parents.Volunteering also helps parent-teacher community to train the students for maximum achievements in their academic pursuit.Ultimately, if the student is happy and active in and out of learning area, it is learnt by the parent that the student is learning and happy in school area.What are effective steps for boys literacy with the involvement of parentsMany child psychologists agree that adaptation of psychological methods to motivate children in inculcating reading habits, would certainly bring about a change in the development of boys.A thorough, methodical and continuous assistance of the parents is required, without imposing any punishments but rewards for one-to-one achievements that a child is prompted to do. In other words, if you read this particular book and tell me a reward would be a candy or a snack of your choice. To this many child psychologists agree.Children are more smarter than parents. Therefore, parents must never let the children know that they are indirectly pursuing the children towards the concept of sit with books for hours and read, instead an idea of help hand or an atmosphere of an activity should be created.Parents can also prepare a long-run plan for improving the reading habits, by maintaining a statistical record of hours of reading spent by the child. This will also give a clear picture to the parent, whether the goal is being attained.A good amount patience, having a great understanding about the child, likes and dislikes, dos and donts, individual perception of the child towards the environment, study of personality will truly help the parent to remove the lacunae in the child.Particularly in the case of boys, in their adolescence they are action oriented. In other words, play indoor games, outdoor games, video games, watch movies , ride bikes, are some of the areas of interest for a large number of boys.A good and plain discussion with boys, about their activities outdoor, at school or college, a bit of guidance, without involving any eristical statements, will direct the boys to the thinking area of their own attainments and to reach set goals. A good friend for a boy should be made available at home itself and that is none other than the parent.Many experts on education made the research study on boys reading habits. They formed an purview that, boys mostly feel reading is an activity done by girls. Thus, boys are trailing behind the girls.A recent study in Canada, published in Reading Manitoba found that 76% of the boys interviewed did not shape reading as a feminine activity, and 73% enjoyed reading.Experts opine that offering the choice of material tally to the boys interest, would be a good solution in achieving reading habits to the boys.ConclusionEducation for children all over the world carries a great importance. Nations which are developed have more advanced sources for imparting education viz., Australia, Newzealand, U.S., Britain. An analysis of education states that, many parents opt education foreign instead of domestic education. The reason being, parents believe, that the overseas curriculum is extensive, focusing the student to many aspects of education.Although this is partly true, the domestic education shapes the students K-12 and effective methods of imparting education and touching the interests areas of students must be developed.For instance., domestic projects, like how to do laundry how to be a good host attend a super market, these will outline the interests of a students and reveal so much of personality from the students. Based on the results, parents and teachers can study their interests, and accordingly encourage them reading habits in those areas, thereby students also begin to learn to be active. Modern day system of education, is such as mushroo m of notes and homework, internals, exams, to some extent children also feel agitated over the system of education and lose the interest in studies.Adding to this, if parents emphasise more on reading, they catch the boredom and flee to find ancestry moments elsewhere, which is a common factor among students. Finally to conclude, a change in system of education, close monitor by parents and teachers will only lead the children back to the good old days of reading comics, enid blytons, phantom or sherlock holmes.www.worldlit.cahttp//www.liamodonnell.com/.Article by Gary Hopkins,Education World Copyright 2004 Education World

Social Security Policy In Hong Kong Social Work Essay

Social warranter Policy In Hong Kong Social Work EssayWelf be dally are signifi chamberpott elements in a society, which eudaimonia should appropriate, to what extent the well-being can be fork overd and how to win whitethorn vary among different society. There are near models help us to understand the factors affecting the offbeat system such as the balance wheel genial well-being Model and the East Asian Welfare Model. We leave behind examine whether Hong Kong a regular(prenominal) object littleon of these two models by analyzing the affectionate well-being policies.Social eudaimonia refers to the well-being or betterment for individuals by dint of with(predicate) direct benefits, go or disposable income (Wong, 2010). According to Ronald B. Dear, Social policies are those principles, procedures, and courses of action established in statute, administrative code, and agency regulation that affect peoples social well-being. Social Welfare Policies are some mi xed bag of these social policies. They may be thought of as those policies that affect the distribution of resources Richan (1988). In the following analysis, we impart 5 principal(prenominal) kinds of welfare policies which are housing, study wellness do, social care and social security measures to illustrate whether Hong Kong a distinctive example of two the East Asian Welfare Model and symmetricalness Welfare Model or non.There are various characteristics of the residuum Welfare Model, the individual characteristics, sparing characteristics and the characteristics of governing body and pass on.For the individual characteristics, people are recognized to be self-independent, self-interested and self-responsible.For the economic characteristics, laissez fair economy and the out of sight hand are upheld since people believes that market can solve the social problems and to maintain the well- being of the society.The government and state are the major providers of social welfare and control to what extent the welfare can be provided. Under RWM, the government and state should not over burden itself with social welfare/ services and interpose with individual right and interests. Therefore, only the basic welfare should be provided i.e. law and order, defense, transport and communication infra- bodily structure. Welfare seems as eternal rest, temporary and substitutes of the normal structure of supply which means the family and the market economy. Only when the normal structure of supply breaks down, social welfare and services should be provided. In order to avoid the reliance on the welfare system, some of the welfare/ services may come with the stigma of dole or almsgiving element. The light is the major group of people to receipt welfare and they always recognized as the incapable second class members of society. To ensure the welfare can be provided to the people in need, welfare will always eat selectivity. The more or less common metho d is by means test.According the Mishra, the main features channelize that a minimal government or state is preferred. The government just wants to provide welfare for the paupers and poor which is just minority group of the society.The services provided are just serving the basic need for them and clench of statutory services is limited. Combining all these elements, welfare is just a safety net, confined to those who are unable to manage otherwise.Main featuresResidual1. State responsibility in pile uping needs (ideology of state intervention)Minimal2. Need-based distribution as a value (ideology of distribution)Marginal3. Range of statutory services restrain4. Population covered by statutory servicesMinority5. Level of benefitsLow6. Proportion of case income spent on state serviceLow7. Use of means testPrimary8. genius of clientsPaupers/ the poor9. Status of clientsLow10.Orientation of the serviceCoercive11. Role of non-statutory agencies in welfarePrimaryFig.1, The main fe atures of Residual Welfare Model, (Mishra, 1984)Whether Hong Kong a typical example of Residual Welfare Model?We used the 5 main kinds of social welfare policies in Hong Kong to illustrate Hong Kong is adopting the RWM or not. acquireing upHong Kong provided different preciss for people to consecrate for their education fee. One of the education subsidy schemes is Pre-primary Education Voucher proposal. Government will subsidize the parents to meet towards school fees for pre-primary education of their children in the form of Pre-primary Education Vouchers.In addition, Hong Kong government announced 12 days of free education in Policy Address 2009-2010. It provides 12 years compulsory free education to children.For the Tertiary students, Tertiary Student Finance Scheme was released. Government provided tumidr amount of subsidies to tertiary students. The get a great amount of grant paid by government is $621.93 million in 2009-10.Fig.2, Publicly-funded Programmes Summary of S tatisticsThe Continuing Education Fund (CEF) subsidizes adults who willing to pursue continuing education and training courses. Adequate applicants will be refunded 80% of their fees, a maximum sum of HK$10,000. Apparently, government pays effort on the education policies and the population covered is very broad.Health CareFor the Clinics part, 70 % of primary consultations take place in private sector spot others take place in government funded clinics.Moreover, thither are 41 humans hospitals in Hong Kong. However, there are only 12 private hospitals. And the Hong Kongs 12 private hospitals provide a total of 2794 beds. It less than 10% into the number of hospital beds in Hong Kong.Furthermore, in Healthcare Reform (2009-2010 Policy Address), government firm to increase the healthcare outgo from 15% of the Governments recurrent consumption to 17% by 2012. The strategy of healthcare reform reflects the governments direction of healthcare in the follow few years will still ad vancedly intervene in the healthcare services.All of these healthcare policies show that government has a instead high level of intervention and these services are open to all the Hong Kong residents without any selectivity. As a result, the health care does not match to the principles of residual welfare model.HousingGovernment besides had launched lot of policies close housing. There are near 710000 globe rental housing in the Housing Authoritys portfolio, housing about two million people.Tenants Purchase Scheme (TPS) was introduced in 1997 to enable at least 250000 families alive in public rental housing to buy their flats at an affordable price which is lower than the market price.Besides, firm ownership schemes (HOS) is another ownership scheme. It is designed to assist residents to buy their own flats and HOS flats are subsidized public housing.It is easily to find that government had interfered a lot in the housing supply. The population covered not just focus on the m inority. Therefore, it differs from the principles of residual welfare model.Social CareIn the field of social care, it provides a wide range of services taking care of the elderly, children, young people, disabilities, the victims of domestic violence, etc. This is quite different from the RWM since the population covered is large. The most common method adopted by the HK Government to provide the welfare services is to form partnership with non-government organizations. The government give a Lump Sum dispense to the NGOs and they provide the services to those in need. The expense on the Social Welfare Organization occupied the terzetto large proportion of the total expense on welfare in Hong Kong.Fig.3, The expense of the social services organizationSocial Security Comprehensive Social Security Assistance SchemeThe characteristics on providing services on social security seem more close to the RWM. The aim of social security is to provide for the basic and supernumerary needs of the members of the community who are in need of financial or real economic aid (Social Welfare Department, 2008). It is a short- time help.CSSA is a safety net for those who cannot bet on themselves financially and bring their income up to a prescribed level to meet their basic needs (Social Welfare Department, 2008). The old age, whizz parent and unemployment are the three major groups of people of to apply CSSA (Statistics on Comprehensive Social Security Assistance Scheme 1998-2008, 2009).In order to select the most needed, people apply for CSSA should go through the financial tests. They need to pass the income and assets tests. Office interview and home visit will conduct to study and verify the applicants circumstances and information provided.Since this is a short-time help, the government do not want people blaspheme on it, there is some special arrangement for those aged 15-59 in normal health to actively seek full-time jobs and participate in the hold back for Se lf-reliance Scheme of the Department (Social Welfare Department, 2008).Sub-conclusionIn the 5 main kinds of social policies, only the social security seems to be the typical example of residual welfare model. Social security just provides short-term help and to fulfill the basic needs of the recipients. Moreover, a series and comprehensive investigation and financial test are needed. And the CSSA may cause the Stigmatization. People may have bias on those CSSA recipients. Besides Government pays effort to teach and hike the recipient to work in other to leave the safety net. In this sense, it conforms to the principle of residual welfare model.On the other hand, the other four categories of social welfare policies are not much like the residual welfare model. They are more like universal benefits and services having no or less selectivity, because benefits available to everyone. Those policies not only provide basic needs of individual but also to improve the quality of life, past ure the citizens, and so on. Therefore, the expenditure on welfare keeps increasing. Thus, Hong Kong is not a typical example of residual welfare model.The East Asian Welfare Model (the EAWM)DefinitionThere is another model related to social welfare policy which is the East Asian Welfare Model. It shares the Confucian ethics and value emphasizing on education, strong family relations, benevolent paternalism, social harmony, discipline, respect for tradition and strong work ethic. To determine whether Hong Kong is a typical example of The East Asian Welfare Model, we can see if it matches the elements of the model.Dominated on economic concernsIn the EAWM, welfare policies are dominated on economic concerns in order to improve the productivity of turn over force and provide strong working incentive. As it aims to help increasing the productivity of an economy, it is also called as a productivist social policy. Hong Kong does match this element.There is a concept of from welfare to w orkin Hong Kong. When more people have their own jobs, the numbers of CSSA recipients will decreases and the productivity of an economy will be increased too.Targeted employment care for various CSSA RecipientsIn Hong Kong, the government targets employment financial aid for various CSSA recipients. For example, the Three trial Enhanced fraternity Work Projects which includes training elements in 2005 to 2006 were aimed to enhance the employability of participants. Up to October in 2006, there were 145 Intensive example Assistance Projects which provided intensive employment assistance services to unemployed CSSA recipients. Hong Kong government also supports for Self-reliance Scheme (SFS) that encourages and assists employable recipients to take up paid employment so as to make them to become self-reliant. This scheme includes Active Employment Assistance programme and Community Work programme. They aimed to help people finding jobs and therefrom increase the productivity of H ong Kong.Regulator rather than providerThe Hong government acts as a regulator of welfare policy rather than a provider in EAWM. Hong Kong matches this element since Hong Kong government contracts out the services by giving property to different organizations and asks them to provide welfare services for it. For example, it provides funds to The Neighbourhood Advice-Action Council to digit Family Crisis Support Centres in order to tackle family crisis. It also gives funds to Po Leung Kuk and Childtime International Nursery Limited to build up child care centre so as to provide child care services. It gives funds to St. James Settlement and Hong Kong Society for the Aged to provide elderly services such as structure up Elderly Community Centres.Way to maintain social stability and authenticityIn the EAWM, welfare has been seen and used as a key element to maintain social stability, to get the legitimacy of governments which lacked parliamentary legitimacy and to ameliorate grieva nces. Hong Kong matches this element. In Hong Kong, the Chief Executive and government officials are not elected by universal suffrage. With less legitimacy, welfare service becomes one of the tactics to pacify the grievances and to maintain social stability. Welfares can keep social stability as when peoples needs have been satisfied, they are expected not to range crimes. Hong Kong government does do a lot to give financial assistance to the poor. For example, CSSA Scheme gives financial assistance to those who cannot support themselves. Social Security Allowance (SSA) Scheme provides monthly allowance to Hong Kong residents who are severely incapacitate or 65 years old or above. It shows that Hong Kong government uses welfare as a weapon to maintain social stability, and so as to retain the legitimacy of the government.Low social welfare expenditureHong Kong Government expenditure on social welfare is low compared with the Western countries. The welfare expenditure (% of GDP) of some western countries is above 20%, some are up to 29%. In Hong Kong, the welfare expenditure (% of GDP) is around 8% due to the low tax rate and the reliance on the market and the family to provide welfare.Hostile to the idea of welfare stateHong Kong is also hostile to the idea of welfare state. In the welfare states, the tax rate is high such as the corporate tax rate is 25% and the person-to-person tax is up to 58% in Denmark. The high tax can support rate of large welfare expenditure. Welfare states provide comprehensive coverage of welfare including old-age pensions, unemployment benefits health and childcare services. The welfare is also very favourable since is more than the basic needs. In Sweden, the unemployed will receive 80 percent of his or her normal income under the unemployment benefits. However, in Hong Kong, the tax rates are extremely low compared with the OECD standards. The mint tax rate is 17.5% and personal tax rate is only 16%, around 1/3 of the OECD standard. Hong Kong is one of the places with the lowest tax rates, named as tax haven. The low tax rates encourage arguing i.e. the problematicer you work and more you gain.In the White Paper Social Welfare into the 1990s, government stated that it worked hard to improve the dependency culture and remind the citizens incentive to work and undermines the productive engine of the economy. It is to encourage self- freedom and responsibility.Significant role of the familyThe family plays a significant role in Hong Kong social welfare. Hong Kong is influenced by the traditional Confucian culture which is family oriented. The role of family is measured not just by its affluence but also by its core values, the kindness, caring for others and mutual support. The family members support and look after each other. The number of elderly living with their son is higher than that in Western countries. The Government policies also promote the family values to lighten the dependency on socia l welfare system. Under Hong Kong tax system, allowances are given to the taxpayers who taking care of their children, parents and grandparents. It is to encourage family members to look after the youth and the elderly. Besides, the Public housing allocation policy will give special consideration to the family with elderly. The housing policy is family oriented. In the Policy Address 2009-2010, CE suggested to set up a Happy Family Info Hub to promote family core values, and to introduce family education as well as support services for the family. (Policy Address 2009-2010)Piecemeal, practical and ad hoc welfare developmentWelfare development in Hong Kong is piecemeal, pragmatic and ad hoc. There is no comprehensive long term development plans on socialwelfare, for example, the public housing policy in 50s, the aims of the policy is to settle the fire victims of Shek Kei Mei squatter areas. Besides, The Government legitimacy is shattered in the 67 riot. After that, Government start ed the social security policy including public assistance scheme, old age and disability allowances in the early 70s. The aims of the social security policy are to believe with critical issues and maintain society stability. Social welfare policies are reactive measures to address ad hoc issues without long term planning.ConclusionIn conclusion, only social security policy in Hong Kong fit the Residual Welfare Model but other policies such as housing, education, health care and social care do not fit the model. On the other hand, the social welfare systems in Hong Kong fit most of the elements of The East Asian Welfare Model. Therefore, we do not agree that Hong Kong is a typical example of both models since it is not a typical example of the Residual Welfare Model but a typical example of the East Asian Welfare Model.

Experiment of Long Term Memory Retention

Experiment of Long condition Memory RetentionAbstractThe purpose of this study was to test the retention of long term computer stor mount based on retrieval surrounds. Our research is based on Godden and Baddeleys (1976) study that focused on the relationship mingled with retrieval environments and training. The technique known as context-dependency which is defined as the belief that what is learnt in a given environment is best unsayed in that environment is tested and compared to previous research (Godden Baddeley, 1975). An audition was conducted at Foundation Campus at the University of Central Lancashire with nine international student. En tendencying a repeated measures anatomy and laboratory method, the players are asked to learn and rec on the whole a list of 13 spoken language in the resembling environment, then they were asked to learn and recall another list of 13 words in dickens variant locations. The results corroborate and support the context-dependency holding effect.IntroductionThis auditions is astir(predicate) assessing the effect of retrieval environments when it comes to long term storehouse (LTM) recall. LTM is described as stored cultivation that can be recalled over a long menstruum of clock time e.g. days, weeks, etc. (Merriam-Webster, (2015). Godden and Baddeley (1995) decided to conduct an test to test this notion similarly known as context-dependency memory effect. Context-dependency memory effect is defined as the belief that what is learnt in a given environment is best recalled in that environment (Godden Baddeley, 1975).The aim of Godden and Baddeleys research was to examine the association between learning and retrieval environments (Cardwell, Clark, and Meldrum, 200811). In order to carry out their try, Godden and Baddeley decided to enlist eighteen participants who were divers in Oban, Scotland (Cardwell, Clark, and Meldrum, 200811). Further more(prenominal), the divers were instructed to learn a li st of forty distinct words on land or, 15 feet under water (Cardwell, Clark, and Meldrum, 200811). They were then asked to recall these words in a different location or in the same location (Cardwell, Clark, and Meldrum, 200811). Specifically, half of the divers were directed to a different location when the time came for memory remembrance, while the other half remain in the same environment for memory memorial (Cardwell, Clark, and Meldrum, 200811). When partaking in Godden and Baddeleys experiment, the list of 40 words were revealed to participants in groups this allowed the divers to assume a relaxed/ comfortable breathing rate in order to assure that the participants faced no obstacles when learning (Godden Baddeley, 1975). Additionally, each the list of words were revealed in blocks of three, and, the words were spaced at two second intervals (Godden Baddeley, 1975).When asked to recall, Godden and Baddeley found that those who learn and recalled in the same location rem embered the most words -12.5 on average (Cardwell, Clark, and Meldrum, 200811).According to the aforementioned graph, Godden and Baddeley found that when participant learned on land an recalled the information under water, they could only recall -on average -8.6 words, while those who learned under water and recalled the words land, only remembered 8.4 words on average (Godden Baddeley, 1975).This study based on Godden and Baddeleys research in 1975 depart examine and delve into the connection between learning and retrieval environments. This study will utilize students with diversified ethnic backgrounds and ages. Contrary to Godden and Baddeleys research, it will use two lists of thirteen simple words -all within one to three syllables in order to strike out into comprehension.Aim To examine the connection between learning and retrieval environments using Godden and Baddeleys study on context-dependency retrieval.Hypothesis Memory recollection in the same environment in which information was learned will yield higher recollections among participants. The hypothesis for this experiment is directional, meaning the independent variable (the retrieval location/environment) will directly affect the dependent variable (the accuracy/amount of words recalled).Method DesignA controlled laboratory experiment was utilised to elucidate a distinct cause and effect relationship between the independent and dependent variables. A controlled laboratory likewise enabled immense control over variables within the experiment, it also permitted unproblematic replication for future researchers and easy utilisation of equipment e.g. videos, etc.A repeated measures design was diligent in order to negate/remove differences that numerous samples would possess. Due to this design, differences in gender, linguistic ability, comprehension and age were avoided.The independent variable in this experiment was the retrieval environment or location in which the participant were asked t o recall the words i.e. the classroom or the canteen. The dependent variable was the quantity of words the participant could recall in each environment/location. A confounding variable could be the sound/noise of guard cars driving quondam(prenominal) the laboratory environment.In agreement with research principles/ethics, written informed consent forms were distributed to all participants before this experiment commenced. Participants were given the right to withdraw at any time, and immense confidentiality with participants information and results was promised and delivered.ParticipantsThere were ten participants five male and four female participants. The participants were obtained from diversified backgrounds non-native slope speakers and English speakers. Participants that contributed to this experiment were between the ages of eighteen to forty-seven. An opportunity sample was enlisted for this experiment. This sample type allowed expediency when enlisting when procuring pa rticipants, it also enables replication for future research.MaterialsInformed Consent ( extension 1)Standardised Instructions (Appendix 2) denomination hear 1 (Appendix 3)Word List 2 (Appendix 4) mirthful Video (Appendix 5)ProcedureInitially, the aforementioned materials were given to the participants. Secondly, in order to check for errors in our experiment, a pilot study was conducted to ensure validity in the experiment. After the pilot study, a classroom and canteen was procured for the experiment. A mixed-gender opportunity sample of nine individuals ranging from 18 to 25 was obtained and directed into the classroom. During this experiment, the participants were root given an informed consent form (Appendix 1), after signing and agreeing to the form, they were shown the like instructions (Appendix 2). After the standardised instructions, the participants were given a piece of paper with experiment 1 written on one side, and experiment 2 written on the other side, -they were also given pens to document their answers.Firstly, the participants were then shown Word List 1 (Appendix 3), secondly, they were given one excellent to study the words, then they were shown a four minute Comical Video (Appendix 6), and then they were given approximately one minute to write plenty the words they could recall.In the next stage of our experiment, the same participants were asked to flip their paper over, then they were given exactly one minute to study Word list 2 (Appendix 4), the participants they were asked to walk around the Vernon Building (located in the University of Central Lancashires campus) to a canteen. When the participants arrived at the canteen, they were promptly seated and given one minute to recall and write down the words they could recall in one minute.ResultsThe result of this experiment were harmonious to that of Godden and Baddeleys in 1975. 66.67% of the participants recalled more words when their retrieval location was the same as the learni ng environment, while 11.11% percent of participants recalled more information when the recollection environment was not the same as the learning environment. Furthermore, 33.33% of the population recalled the same amount of words irrespective of the retrieval environment. These results were in accordance with the hypothesis and Godden and Baddeleys research in 1975. The mean of the results was greatly corrupted by outliers with the samples results, in order to rectify this, the median was enlisted to portray a balanced assessment of the results. The median of recollection when the learning and recollection environments were the same is 9 words with a range of 6. When the learning and recollection were different, the median of the recollection data was 4, with a range of 9. Overall, it was quite clear that recollection in the same environment where information is learned yields better results. The results support context-dependency memory effect. newsThe result of this experiment w ere harmonies with Godden and Baddeleys research, this fortified the immense reliability of their research, and proved that it could be replicated by others. The results of the experiment magnified the context-dependency memory effect, and supported the hypothesis Memory recollection in the same environment in which information was learned will yield higher recollections among participants.A laboratory method was ideal for this experiment because it allowed for control over numerous variables, and, it permitted and enabled ease when measuring the dependent variable. Utilising a repeated measures design withdraw differences that individuals could possibly possess that would rob this experiment of credibility. It could also be argued that the fatigue effect which states that work has a general effect of running down the bodies limited energy supply adversely affected the participants recollection after walking around the Vernon Building (Hockey, 2013). Perhaps this is why only one ou t of the nine participants recalled more on the second experiment.The small sample size on nine indicates that this experiment is not generalizable to bigger populations. Albeit the sample had a plethora of nationalities and ages, this suggests that no definite proclamations can be made about nationality or age. Furthermore, a confounding variable could be the sound/noise of police cars driving past the laboratory environment, or, the limited linguistic ability of some participants.Any further research/study into this publication could be ameliorated by enlisting a grander sample size, or, using both locations as learning and retrieval environments this provide a deeper insight into context-dependency memory effect. A longer list of words could also be employed to test retention in LTM.ReferencesCardwell, M., Clark, L. and Meldrum, C. (2008)Psychology AS For AQA A. 3rd edn. London Harper Collins Publishers. Godden, D. R., Baddeley, A. D. (1975). Context-dependent memory in two nat ural environments On land and underwater.British Journal of Psychology, 66(3), 325331.Hockey, R. (2013) The Psychology of Fatigue Work, Effort and Control. initiative edn. United Kingdom Cambridge University Press.Jansen, I. (2015). Charlie Chaplin The Lions Cage. online YouTube. accessible at https//www.youtube.com/watch?v=O2dmV2-zxNg Accessed 10 Mar. 2015.Merriam-webster, (2015). Definition of Long-term Memory. online Merriam-webster.com. Available at http//www.merriam-webster.com/medical/long-term memory Accessed 6 Mar. 2015.AppendicesAppendix 1Appendix 2Appendix 3Appendix 4Appendix 5Comical Video provided and republished by Jansen (2015).Appendix 6